Cognitive disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease: Approaches to prevention and treatment.

Background: Cognitive impairment is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and early intervention may prevent the progression of this condition.

Methods: Here, we review interventions for the complications of CKD (anemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, metabolic acidosis, harmful effects of dialysis, the accumulation of uremic toxins) and for prevention of vascular events, interventions that may potentially be protective against cognitive impairment. Furthermore, we discuss nonpharmacological and pharmacological methods to prevent cognitive impairment and/or minimize the latter's impact on CKD patients' daily lives.

Role of glucocorticoid- and monoamine-metabolizing enzymes in stress-related psychopathological processes.

Glucocorticoid signaling is fundamental in healthy stress coping and in the pathophysiology of stress-related diseases, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Glucocorticoids are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) as well as 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) and 2 (11βHSD2). Acute stress-induced increase in glucocorticoid concentrations stimulates the expression of several CYP sub-types.

Adolescents' application of the virtues across five cultural contexts.

Little is known about adolescent applications of the virtues such as honesty, responsibility and courage across different cultural contexts. Using the Adolescent Intermediate Concepts Measure we analyze samples of adolescents (ages 12 to 20; N = 9,112) from 5 contexts: North Macedonia, Mexico, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Across samples, adolescents provide evidence of developmental growth in the ability to apply virtue concepts as assessed by responses to dilemma-based situations.

Heat-Shock Protein 70-Mediated Heat Preconditioning Attenuates Hepatic Carbohydrate and Oxidative Disturbances in Rats With Type 1 Diabetes.

Objectives: Heat preconditioning and heat-shock protein (HSP) synthesis have significant cytoprotective effects against the development of cellular injury caused by the application of a subsequent stressor, which were found to depend on the time period between the stressors. We aimed to determine the most efficient recovery time (6 h or 24 h) following heat-stress exposure and prior application of diabetic streptozotocin (STZ) on the moderation of carbohydrate and oxidative metabolic disturbances caused by diabetes.

Methods: Experiment animals (Wistar rats) were exposed to acute heat stress at 41±1°C for 45 min, followed by 6-h or 24-h recovery times at room temperature before sacrifice or STZ administration.

Covalent-Bonded Reduced Graphene Oxide-Fluorescein Complex as a Substrate for Extrinsic SERS Measurements.

When graphene is used as SERS substrates, it contributes to the chemical mechanism (CM) of enhancement of Raman signal, owing to which the detection limit is very low (lower than mM content of probe molecules). The CM of enhancement depends largely on the interactions between the substrate and the probe molecules. Therefore, in this work, we have investigated the possibility of increasing the SERS activity of graphene by improving the interaction between the probe molecule and the graphene substrate by establishing exclusively strong covalent bonding between them.

Diffuse Arterial Thrombosis as a First Manifestation of Occult Malignancy.

. To raise the awareness of a hypercoagulability state as it is often associated with the different types of malignancies. Venous thromboembolism is a frequent complication in these patients, and usually it happens after the diagnosis of cancer is confirmed.