Real-time experiences of racism and stress in association with postpartum weight retention: A longitudinal ecological momentary assessment study.

Racial inequities in postpartum weight have been documented with limited studies on the influences of racism and other forms of discrimination. In a prospective longitudinal study applying ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and ambulatory assessment of weight, we measured the association between discrimination, stress and postpartum weight change. The Postpartum Mothers Mobile Study (PMOMS) is a cohort of 313 pregnant and birthing individuals who were followed during their second and third trimester through 1 year postpartum.

Exploring the Dimensions and Correlates of Teen Economic Abuse Through a Cross-Sectional Survey.

Purpose: Teen economic abuse (TEA) is an understudied form of adolescent relationship abuse with limited measures available to assess prevalence. The purpose of this article is to assess the underlying dimensions of survey items (developed with youth) to refine measurement of and validate the structures comprising TEA and examine differences in prevalence of TEA perpetration (Prp) and victimization (Vct) by demographic characteristics.

Methods: This cross-sectional, online survey was conducted between July and September 2021.

11.7T Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Tractography to Probe Human Brain Organoid Microstructure.

Background: Human brain organoids are 3-dimensional cellular models that mimic architectural features of a developing brain. Generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells, these organoids offer an unparalleled physiologically relevant in vitro system for disease modeling and drug screening. In the current study, we sought to establish a foundation for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based, label-free imaging system that offers high-resolution capabilities for deep tissue imaging of whole organoids.

Complex Regulation of Protocadherin Epigenetics on Aging-Related Brain Health.

Life expectancy continues to increase in the high-income world due to advances in medical care; however, quality of life declines with increasing age due to normal aging processes. Current research suggests that various aspects of aging are genetically modulated and thus may be slowed via genetic modification. Here, we show evidence for epigenetic modulation of the aging process in the brain from over 1800 individuals as part of the Framingham Heart Study.

Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease pathology in African American older adults.

The apolipoprotein-E4 (APOE*4) and apolipoprotein-E2 (APOE*2) alleles are more common in African American versus non-Hispanic white populations, but relationships of both alleles with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology among African American individuals are unclear. We measured APOE allele and β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau using blood samples and positron emission tomography (PET) images, respectively. Individual regression models tested associations of each APOE allele with Aβ or tau PET overall, stratified by racialized group, and with a racialized group interaction.

Association of Counseling and Psychotherapy on Retention in Medication for Addiction Treatment Within a Large Medicaid Population.

Objectives: Buprenorphine/naloxone is an effective medication for the treatment of opioid use disorder. Unlike methadone, which can only be dispensed in federally waived clinics and which must be combined with specific psychosocial treatment, buprenorphine can be dispensed by individual prescribers who have completed an 8-hour training program, with no requirement that patients receive concomitant psychotherapy. The objective of this study is to quantify the association of counseling and psychotherapy on retention in treatment.

Who benefits most from expectancy effects? A combined neuroimaging and antidepressant trial in depressed older adults.

Depressed patients' expectations of improvement drive placebo effects in antidepressant clinical trials, yet there is considerable heterogeneity in the magnitude of expectancy effects. The present study seeks to identify those individuals who benefit most from expectancy effects using baseline neuroimaging and cognitive measures. Older adult outpatients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) participated in a prospective, 8-week clinical trial in which expectancy was experimentally manipulated and its effects on depression outcome measured.

Neurofibrillary tau depositions emerge with subthreshold cerebral beta-amyloidosis in down syndrome.

Introduction: Adults with Down syndrome are genetically predisposed to develop Alzheimer's disease and accumulate beta-amyloid plaques (Aβ) early in life. While Aβ has been heavily studied in Down syndrome, its relationship with neurofibrillary tau is less understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate neurofibrillary tau deposition in individuals with Down syndrome with varying levels of Aβ burden.

Clustering of Social and Physical Pain Variables and Their Association With Mortality in Two Population-Based Cohorts.

Objective: Social pain and physical pain are related bidirectionally, but how these variables cluster in the population is unknown.

Methods: This study included 2833 women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a community-based cohort of middle-aged women, and 3972 women from the Pathways Study, a population-based cohort of women diagnosed with American Joint Committee on Cancer stages I-IV breast cancer diagnosed between 2005 and 2013. Women provided data on measures related to social pain (social network size, social support, loneliness, social well-being) and physical pain (sensitivity to pain, bodily pain) at study baseline.

Hot flashes are associated with altered brain function during a memory task.

Objective: Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are associated with decreased memory performance and alterations in brain function. We conducted a preliminary examination of VMS and patterns of brain activity during a verbal memory task to provide insights into the VMS-related brain mechanisms that can contribute to memory problems in midlife women.

Methods: Fourteen postmenopausal women (mean age 53.

Emotion-specific performance across empathy tasks in schizophrenia: Influence of metacognitive capacity.

People with schizophrenia exhibit deficits in emotion recognition that are associated with community and social functioning. Emotion-specific performance within emotion recognition tasks has been investigated, suggesting differential patterns of recognition for positive and negative emotions. However, no study has yet examined emotion-specific performance for a higher-order social cognitive construct such as empathy.

MAP2 immunoreactivity deficit is conserved across the cerebral cortex within individuals with schizophrenia.

Several postmortem studies have reported lower levels of immunoreactivity (IR) for microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in several cortical regions of individuals with schizophrenia (SZ). However, whether this effect is conserved across multiple brain areas within an individual with SZ or if it is regionally-specific remains unclear. We characterized patterns of MAP2-IR across three cortical regions at different levels of the rostral-caudal axis within individual subjects with and without SZ.

Linking the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) with the Multidimensional Assessment Profile of Disruptive Behavior (MAP-DB): Advancing a dimensional spectrum approach to disruptive behavior.

Disruptive behavior in childhood is common. It spans from normative child misbehaviors to clinically-significant and impairing problems. While there are many rating scales evaluating such behaviors, historically, measurement has emphasized counting the number of symptoms present rather than assessing the normal-abnormal spectrum of behavioral expression.

Postpartum Depression Screening: A Review for Psychiatrists.

Learning Objectives: After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Evaluate the rationale for screening women for postpartum depression• Assess tools for screening for postpartum depression

Objective: To perform a qualitative literature review on screening for postpartum depression (PPD), as applicable to the general psychiatrist. Results are classified by instrument, timing, and clinical setting of the screen.

Data Sources: A literature search was conducted using the PubMed database for English-language articles published since January 1987.

Who Were the Early Adopters of Dabigatran?: An Application of Group-based Trajectory Models.

Background: Variation in physician adoption of new medications is poorly understood. Traditional approaches (eg, measuring time to first prescription) may mask substantial heterogeneity in technology adoption.

Objective: Apply group-based trajectory models to examine the physician adoption of dabigratran, a novel anticoagulant.

Clarifying Heterogeneity of Daytime and Nighttime Symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress in Combat Veterans with Insomnia.

Daytime and nighttime symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common among combat veterans and military service members. However, there is a great deal of heterogeneity in how symptoms are expressed. Clarifying the heterogeneity of daytime and nighttime PTSD symptoms through exploratory clustering may generate hypotheses regarding ways to optimally match evidence-based treatments to PTSD symptom profiles.

Emotional reactivity and its impact on neural circuitry for attention-emotion interaction in childhood and adolescence.

Attention modulation when confronted with emotional stimuli is considered a critical aspect of executive function, yet rarely studied during childhood and adolescence, a developmental period marked with changes in these processes. We employed a novel, and child-friendly fMRI task that used emotional faces to investigate the neural underpinnings of the attention-emotion interaction in a child and adolescent sample (n=23, age M=13.46, SD=2.

fNIRS evidence of prefrontal regulation of frustration in early childhood.

The experience of frustration is common in early childhood, yet some children seem to possess a lower tolerance for frustration than others. Characterizing the biological mechanisms underlying a wide range of frustration tolerance observed in early childhood may inform maladaptive behavior and psychopathology that is associated with this construct. The goal of this study was to measure prefrontal correlates of frustration in 3-5-year-old children, who are not readily adaptable for typical neuroimaging approaches, using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).

Acute stress affects heart rate variability during sleep.

Objective: Although stress can elicit profound and lasting effects on sleep, the pathways whereby stress affects sleep are not well understood. In this study, we used autoregressive spectral analysis of the electrocardiogram (EKG) interbeat interval sequence to characterize stress-related changes in heart rate variability during sleep in 59 healthy men and women.

Methods: Participants (N = 59) were randomly assigned to a control or stress condition, in which a standard speech task paradigm was used to elicit acute stress in the immediate presleep period.

Nonmedical management of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder : a preliminary report.

The authors report the results of an open trial of group behavioral treatment for women with a prospectively confirmed premenstrual syndrome. Treatment consisted of five weekly group behavioral sessions outlining and supporting lifestyle changes in diet, exercise level, and stress management. Patients monitored symptoms and adherence to dietary and exercise recommendations daily.

Symptoms of anxiety disorders in normal children.

The present study examined prevalence, expression, and developmental patterns of DSM-III-R anxiety disorder symptoms in 62 never-psychiatrically-ill children. Subclinical phobias and overanxious disorder symptoms were fairly common, while symptoms of other anxiety disorders were less common. Direction of sex and age differences was generally consistent with previous literature, but few reached statistical significance.