Fluoride and gallein regulate polyphosphate accumulation in dental caries-associated .

Inorganic polyphosphates (polyPs) are energy-storing biopolymers synthesized by all three domains of life. PolyP accumulation has been well studied with respect to its role in stress response, but its role in dental disease has received less attention. Dental decay can be promoted by changes in pH as well as the chemical activity of ions such as phosphate in oral fluids at the enamel interface.

Design of allosteric modulators that change GPCR G protein subtype selectivity.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of drug targets, can signal through 16 subtypes of Gα proteins. Biased compounds that selectively activate therapy-relevant pathways promise to be safer, more effective medications. The determinants of bias are poorly understood, however, and rationally-designed, G protein-subtype-selective compounds are lacking.

Cell migration simulator-based biomarkers for glioblastoma.

Background: Glioblastoma is the most aggressive malignant brain tumor with poor survival due to its invasive nature driven by cell migration, with unclear linkage to transcriptomic information. The aim of this study was to develop a physics-based framework connecting to transcriptomics to predict patient-specific glioblastoma cell migration.

Methods And Results: We applied a physics-based motor-clutch model, a cell migration simulator (CMS), to parameterize the migration of glioblastoma cells and define physical biomarkers on a patient-by-patient basis.

Isolation and characterization of Salmonella enterica- and Escherichia coli-specific bacteriophages of the genus Epseptimavirus from wastewater in Minnesota.

Five lytic bacteriophages specific for Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli were isolated from wastewater in Minnesota. These phages, designated vB_Sal_EH1, vB_Sal_EH2, vB_Sal_EH3, vB_Sal_EH4, and vB_Sal_EH7, were characterized, and their genomes were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that they grouped within the genus Epseptimavirus, with genome sizes ranging from 108,554 to 115,218 bp.

Infants' Social Evaluation of Helpers and Hinderers: A Large-Scale, Multi-Lab, Coordinated Replication Study.

Evaluating whether someone's behavior is praiseworthy or blameworthy is a fundamental human trait. A seminal study by Hamlin and colleagues in 2007 suggested that the ability to form social evaluations based on third-party interactions emerges within the first year of life: infants preferred a character who helped, over hindered, another who tried but failed to climb a hill. This sparked a new line of inquiry into the origins of social evaluations; however, replication attempts have yielded mixed results.

Efficacy and tolerability of celastrol and edaravone in the multiple-hit rat model of infantile spasms.

Objective: To test whether anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs that inhibit the nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), celastrol and edaravone, suppress spasms and improve developmental outcomes in the multiple-hit rat model of refractory infantile spasms (IS) due to structural lesions.

Methods: Postnatal day 3 (PN3) Sprague-Dawley rats were treated according to the multiple-hit IS model protocol. Using a randomized, blinded, vehicle-controlled, dose- and time-response study design, we tested the effects of single celastrol [1, 2, or 4 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.

Health and Economic Impacts of Introducing Vaccae and Enhanced Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Management Strategies in China.

Background: China faces the highest burden of latent multidrug-resistant or rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB). We aim to evaluate the health and economic impacts of Vaccae (a novel TB vaccine) and enhanced drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) management strategies.

Methods: Using a compartmental model calibrated with national TB data, we evaluated nine interventions from 2025-2050: enhanced DR-TB management (S1); Vaccae vaccination for those with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection targeting specific age groups (S2: adolescents, S3: adolescents and young adults, S4: working-age adults, S5: elderly); and combined strategies (S6: S2+S1, S7: S3+S1, S8: S4+S1, S9: S5+S1).

Combining stable isotopes and spatial stream network modelling to disentangle the roles of hydrological and biogeochemical processes on riverine nitrogen dynamics.

Intensive agricultural activities have significantly altered watershed hydrological and biogeochemical processes, resulting in water quality issues and loss of ecosystem functions and biodiversity. A major challenge in effectively mitigating nitrogen (N) loss from agricultural watersheds stems from the heterogeneity of N transformation and transport processes that complicates accurate quantification and modeling of N sources and sinks at the watershed scale. This study utilized stable isotopes of water and nitrate (NO) in conjunction with spatial stream network modeling (SSNMs) to explore watershed hydrology, N transformation, and sources within a mesoscale river network in the U.

Electrospray-Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (ES-SMPS) Technique: Superior Sizing and Multimodal Characterization of Colloidal Nanoparticles Compared to NTA and DLS.

This study primarily employed three techniques─electrospray-scanning mobility particle sizer (ES-SMPS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and dynamic light scattering (DLS)─to assess multimodal samples. For monodisperse particles, both ES-SMPS (all sizes) and NTA (for particles larger than 40 nm) accurately determined the mean size, while DLS overestimated it. The ES-SMPS technique demonstrated precision in particle counting for multimodal samples, with a standard deviation of around 2.

Concurrent and predictive associations between executive function and numerical skills in early childhood.

The importance of early numerical and executive function (EF) skills is well-established, with each skill set positively and specifically predicting later mathematics achievement, income, postsecondary education, and more. Less is known, however, about the relations between EF and numerical skills. Therefore, we examined the concurrent and predictive relations between EF and numerical skills in preschoolers to third graders (N = 205; 4.

Health Care Service Utilization Among People with HIV, Chronic Pain, and Depression: Utilization and Cost Outcomes from the HIV-PASS Study.

In the United States (U.S.), 90% of annual health care expenditures are devoted to people with chronic physical and mental health conditions.

A PSMA-targeted Tri-specific Killer Engager enhances NK cell cytotoxicity against prostate cancer.

Natural killer (NK) cell tumor infiltration is associated with good prognosis in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). NK cells recognize and kill targets by a process called natural cytotoxicity. We hypothesized that promoting an antigen-specific synapse with co-activation may enhance NK cell function in mCRPC.

Modeling the epidemiologic impact of age-targeted vaccination for drug-resistant tuberculosis.

This study used a calibrated mathematical model to evaluate age-specific tuberculosis (TB) vaccination strategies, for drug-resistant (DR)-TB management in China. Prioritizing elderly vaccination significantly reduced multidrug-resistant or rifampicin-resistant TB incidence and mortality, while avoiding the need for second-line treatment, offering a promising approach to mitigate DR-TB burden by 2050.

Changes in the Yield Effect of the Preceding Crop in the US Corn Belt Under a Warming Climate.

Crop rotation has been widely used to enhance crop yields and mitigate adverse climate impacts. The existing research predominantly focuses on the impacts of crop rotation under growing season (GS) climates, neglecting the influences of non-GS (NGS) climates on agroecosystems. This oversight limits our understanding of the comprehensive climatic impacts on crop rotation and, consequently, our ability to devise effective adaptation strategies in response to climate warming.

Outcomes of external versus internal fixation for traumatic lower limb fractures in low- and middle-income countries.

Aims: Lower limb fractures are common in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and represent a significant burden to the existing orthopaedic surgical infrastructure. In high income country (HIC) settings, internal fixation is the standard of care due to its superior outcomes. In LMICs, external fixation is often the surgical treatment of choice due to limited supplies, cost considerations, and its perceived lower complication rate.

Electrode Location and Domain-Specific Cognitive Change Following Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease.

Background And Objectives: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms. DBS is also associated with postoperative cognitive change in some patients. Previous studies found associations between medial active electrode contacts and overall cognitive decline.

Deletion of ACC Deaminase in Symbionts Converts the Host Plant From Water Waster to Water Saver.

Increasing drought events coupled with dwindling water reserves threaten global food production and security. This issue is exacerbated by the use of crops that overconsume water, undermining yield. We show here that microorganisms naturally associated with plant roots can undermine efficient water use, whereas modified bacteria can enhance it.

Comparative effectiveness of lifestyle interventions on children's body composition management: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Purpose: This study aimed to provide comparative evidence on the effectiveness of various lifestyle interventions on body composition management for preschool and school-aged children.

Methods: PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science were systematically searched for this network meta-analysis. Randomized controlled studies (RCTs) that included children aged 4-12 years with no physical or mental conditions; performed at least 1 type of lifestyle intervention; reported change in body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, or body fat percentage (BFP); and were published between January 2010 and August 2023 were included.

Carbon and energy metabolism for the mixotrophic culture of using sodium acetate as a carbon source.

There has been an emergence of a diversity of microalgal mixotrophic synergistic mechanisms due to substrate differences. In this study, the effects of the mixotrophic culture of were examined. The maximum values of cell density, specific growth rate, and cell dry weight of were 3.