Interactions between vitamin D deficiency and inflammation on diabetes risk: data from 336,500 UK Biobank adults.

Objectives: Findings regarding the effects of vitamin D supplementation on diabetes risk are inconclusive. Because inflammation and vitamin D levels are interconnected, we hypothesized that higher inflammation levels moderate the effects of vitamin D deficiency on diabetes risk.

Design, Setting, Participants, And Measurements: UK Biobank participants without pre-existing diabetes at baseline were included (N = 336,500).

Diagnostic Power of Serum Creatinine/Cystatin C Ratio for Identifying Low MRI-Muscle Volume and Low Grip Strength: Data From 9 731 to 149 707 UK Biobank Older Adults.

Background: Biomarkers for sarcopenia are lacking. We examined the diagnostic power of serum creatinine to cystatin C ratio for identifying low magnetic resonance imaging-muscle volume and low grip strength in a large observational study of UK Biobank older adults.

Methods: Serum creatinine and cystatin C were measured via immunoassays (Beckman Coulter AU5800 and Siemens Advia 1800, respectively) and grip strength by hydraulic hand dynamometer at baseline visit (2008-2010).

Shaping childhood obesity: behavioral and environmental risk factors associated with body mass index trajectories between 2 and 9 years in Samoan children.

Background/objective: Pacific children are at high obesity risk, yet the behavioral and environmental factors that contribute to obesity development in this setting remain poorly understood. We assessed associations between childhood risk factors for obesity with body mass index (BMI) trajectories between ages 2-9 years in Samoa.

Subjects/methods: In a prospective cohort of 485 children from 'Upolu, we measured weight and height at ages 2-4 (2015), 3.

The Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on Testosterone Concentration in Individuals Who are Obese or Have Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with alterations in testosterone concentrations. While evidence indicates that aerobic training can influence testosterone in healthy populations or females with hyperandrogenism, its impact in individuals with obesity or T2D remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether aerobic training can influence circulating testosterone concentrations in individuals with obesity or T2D.

Physical activity and depression symptoms in people with osteoarthritis-related pain: A cross-sectional study.

Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of chronic pain and is associated with high rates of depression. Physical activity reduces depression symptoms and pain levels. It remains unknown if physical activity is associated with lower symptoms of depression irrespective of pain levels in individuals with osteoarthritis.

IL-23p19 in osteoarthritic pain and disease.

Objective: We have previously reported that the interleukin-23 p19 subunit (IL-23p19) is required for experimental inflammatory arthritic pain-like behavior and disease. Even though inflammation is often a characteristic feature of osteoarthritis (OA), IL-23 is not usually considered as a therapeutic target in OA. We began to explore the role of IL-23p19 in OA pain and disease utilizing mouse models of OA and patient samples.

The milk study protocol: A longitudinal, prospective cohort study of the relationship between human milk metabolic hormone concentration, maternal body composition, and early growth and satiety development in Samoan infants aged 1-4 months.

Background: Current research suggests that energy transfer through human milk influences infant nutritional development and initiates metabolic programming, influencing eating patterns into adulthood. To date, this research has predominantly been conducted among women in high income settings and/or among undernourished women. We will investigate the relationship between maternal body composition, metabolic hormones in human milk, and infant satiety to explore mechanisms of developmental satiety programming and implications for early infant growth and body composition in Samoans; a population at high risk and prevalence for overweight and obesity.

Resistance training and combined resistance and aerobic training as a treatment of depression and anxiety symptoms in young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aim: To determine the treatment effect of resistance training in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression in young people.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and PubMed for articles published in English from January 1980 to September 2023 for randomized controlled trials (RCT) that included at least 4 weeks of resistance training, with participants aged 26 years or younger with clinically elevated anxiety and depression symptoms. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate a pooled effect size of resistance training pre-and post-intervention compared to control groups.

Accelerometer-Based Estimates of Physical Activity and Sedentary Time Among Samoan Adults.

Background: The prevalence of obesity-related cardiometabolic disease in Samoa is among the highest globally. While physical activity is a modifiable risk factor for obesity-related disease, little is known about physical activity levels among adult Samoans. Using wrist-worn accelerometer-based devices, this study aimed to characterize physical activity among Samoan adults.

Leukocyte telomere length is associated with MRI-thigh fat-free muscle volume: data from 16 356 UK Biobank adults.

Background: Telomere attrition may share common biological mechanisms with bone and muscle loss with aging. Here, we investigated the association between these hallmarks of aging using data from UK Biobank, a large observational study.

Methods: Leukocyte telomere length (LTL as T/S ratio) was measured using a multiplex qPCR assay at baseline (2006-2010).

Association of Time to Thrombolysis With Early Reperfusion After Alteplase and Tenecteplase in Patients With Large Vessel Occlusion.

Background And Objectives: Early treatment with intravenous alteplase increases the probability of lytic-induced reperfusion in large vessel occlusion (LVO) patients. The relationship of tenecteplase-induced reperfusion and the timing of thrombolytic administration has not been explored. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of tenecteplase and alteplase reperfusion rates and assessed their relationship to the time of thrombolytic administration.

Navigating the Landscape of Translational Geroscience in Canada: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Current Progress and Future Directions.

The inaugural Canadian Conferences on Translational Geroscience were held as 2 complementary sessions in October and November 2023. The conferences explored the profound interplay between the biology of aging, social determinants of health, the potential societal impact of geroscience, and the maintenance of health in aging individuals. Although topics such as cellular senescence, molecular and genetic determinants of aging, and prevention of chronic disease were addressed, the conferences went on to emphasize practical applications for enhancing older people's quality of life.

Frailty increases the long-term risk for fall and fracture-related hospitalizations and all-cause mortality in community-dwelling older women.

Frailty is associated with declines in physiological capacity across sensory, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems. An underlying assumption is that the frailer an individual, the more likely they are to experience falls and fractures. We examined whether grades of frailty can assess the long-term risk of hospitalized falls, fractures, and all-cause mortality in 1261 community-dwelling older women (mean age [SD] of 75.

The development and implementation of the Northern Health lung cancer digital care pathway: a case study in service change.

This case study details the approach utilised to establish an easy to use, accessible and sustainable method for routine collection of Patient Reported Outcome Measures for patients newly diagnosed with lung cancer. We sought to enhance communication with patients and their families, particularly around shared decision making, their quality of life and symptoms, as well as the impacts of their care or treatment. We detail the co-design methodology utilised with consumers and healthcare providers to develop and implement a multi-lingual, fully automated digital care pathway which has been proven to be highly impactful and powerful for both healthcare providers working within the service and consumers enrolled within the digital pathway.

Expanding access to fracture liaison services in Australia for people with minimal trauma fractures: a system dynamics modelling study.

Objectives: To project how many minimal trauma fractures could be averted in Australia by expanding the number and changing the operational characteristics of fracture liaison services (FLS).

Study Design: System dynamics modelling.

Setting, Participants: People aged 50 years or more who present to hospitals with minimal trauma fractures, Australia, 2020-31.

Classification of Fracture Risk in Fallers Using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Images and Deep Learning-Based Feature Extraction.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans are one of the most frequently used imaging techniques for calculating bone mineral density, yet calculating fracture risk using DXA image features is rarely performed. The objective of this study was to combine deep neural networks, together with DXA images and patient clinical information, to evaluate fracture risk in a cohort of adults with at least one known fall and age-matched healthy controls. DXA images of the entire body as, well as isolated images of the hip, forearm, and spine (1488 total), were obtained from 478 fallers and 48 non-faller controls.

The Interconnection Between Muscle and Bone: A Common Clinical Management Pathway.

Often observed with aging, the loss of skeletal muscle (sarcopenia) and bone (osteoporosis) mass, strength, and quality, is associated with reduced physical function contributing to falls and fractures. Such events can lead to a loss of independence and poorer quality of life. Physical inactivity (mechanical unloading), especially in older adults, has detrimental effects on the mass and quality of bone as well as muscle, while increases in activity (mechanical loading) have positive effects.

Normative Modeling of Brain Morphometry in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.

Importance: The lack of robust neuroanatomical markers of psychosis risk has been traditionally attributed to heterogeneity. A complementary hypothesis is that variation in neuroanatomical measures in individuals at psychosis risk may be nested within the range observed in healthy individuals.

Objective: To quantify deviations from the normative range of neuroanatomical variation in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P) and evaluate their overlap with healthy variation and their association with positive symptoms, cognition, and conversion to a psychotic disorder.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Sarcopenia as Comorbid Chronic Diseases in Older Adults: Established and Emerging Treatments and Therapies.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and sarcopenia (low skeletal muscle mass and function) share a bidirectional relationship. The prevalence of these diseases increases with age and they share common risk factors. Skeletal muscle fat infiltration, commonly referred to as myosteatosis, may be a major contributor to both T2DM and sarcopenia in older adults via independent effects on insulin resistance and muscle health.