Child, Parent, and Contextual Correlates of School Readiness Among Children with Low Birth Weight.

Objectives: Among US children with low birth weight (LBW): (1) Determine prevalence of school readiness (being "healthy and ready to learn"); (2) Examine associations between school readiness and medical factors (special healthcare needs, birth weight), sociodemographic characteristics (child race/ethnicity, household income, parental education, household language), community supports (early intervention/special education, outside childcare, medical home, neighborhood amenities), parent factors (mental health, emotional support, family resilience), and parenting practices (bedtime, mealtime, storytelling routines; daily screentime).

Methods: We studied 1421 children 3-5 years with birth weight <2500g from the 2016-19 National Survey of Children's Health. We calculated prevalence of school readiness overall and in individual domains (early learning skills, physical health/motor development, social emotional development, self-regulation).

Receipt of Federal Income Support by Eligible Low-Birth-Weight Infants.

Importance: While many infants with low birth weight (LBW) are eligible for Supplemental Security Income (SSI), more evidence is needed about whether they receive benefits and whether income supports reach infants from the most socioeconomically disadvantaged households.

Objective: To assess receipt of SSI among LBW-eligible infants (infants eligible due to LBW) and targeting of SSI to LBW and income-eligible infants across county-level measures of socioeconomic disadvantage.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cross-sectional study used administrative data from the SSI program, vital records, and the American Community Survey.

Race, Ethnicity, and Payor status Impact the Surgical Approach and Postoperative Outcomes of Lung Cancer Amongst Patients within The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database.

Objective: To evaluate demographics and quality metrics across racial and ethnic groups amongst patients undergoing lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) within the Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database (STS GTSD).

Summary Background: Studies evaluating disparities amongst patients undergoing lung resection for NSCLC are limited.

Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of the STS GTSD was performed between 2015-2022.

Improving Leadership Handling of Student Concerns about Faculty Benefits Both Students and Faculty.

For centuries, students have had minimal power in the dynamic relationship with faculty. Understandably, then, students have been reluctant to express concerns about faculty behavior believed to be counterproductive to a safe and positive learning environment. In more recent times, medical students have increasingly been encouraged to voice concerns about faculty behavior that students believe is counterproductive.

Echocardiography parameters and cardiac geometry in pregnancy by race and ethnicity.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) parameters in pregnancy by race and ethnicity.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of pregnant individuals without cardiovascular disease who underwent a perinatal TTE between October 2017 and May 2022. Demographics and echocardiographic parameters were compared by race/ethnicity.

Shared Decision-Making in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: Understanding Surgeon and Patient Perspectives Regarding When It Is Time for Surgery.

Background: Although total hip and total knee arthroplasty are highly successful operations, the decision of whether and when to undergo surgery is highly subjective and discretionary, and specific guidelines regarding readiness for surgery remain elusive. The nature of these decisions underscores the importance of shared decision-making, which is founded on the concept that patients substantially contribute to determining their own readiness for surgery. The OPTION survey was developed as a conversation aid to facilitate shared decision-making in the context of total joint arthroplasty.

Cell non-autonomous signaling through the conserved C. elegans glycoprotein hormone receptor FSHR-1 regulates cholinergic neurotransmission.

Modulation of neurotransmission is key for organismal responses to varying physiological contexts such as during infection, injury, or other stresses, as well as in learning and memory and for sensory adaptation. Roles for cell autonomous neuromodulatory mechanisms in these processes have been well described. The importance of cell non-autonomous pathways for inter-tissue signaling, such as gut-to-brain or glia-to-neuron, has emerged more recently, but the cellular mechanisms mediating such regulation remain comparatively unexplored.

The Role of Sex and Gender in Precision Emergency Medicine: A Scoping Review and Proposed Hierarchy.

Background: Precision medicine utilizes individual patient data to guide decision making. Sex and gender medicine is likewise focused on individual patients' biological sex or sociocultural gender as determinants of disease. How these two fields intersect with one another and with acute care medicine is unclear.

Profound reduction of HIV-1 reservoir cells over 3 decades of antiretroviral therapy started in early infancy.

HIV-1 reservoir cells persist indefinitely during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) in individuals who acquire infection in adulthood, but little is known about the longitudinal evolution of viral reservoir cells during long-term ART started during early infancy. We studied 2 fraternal twins who acquired HIV-1 perinatally, started ART at week 10 after birth and remained on ART for 28 years. We observed that the frequency of genome-intact proviruses, determined by single-genome near-full-length proviral sequencing, declined by approximately 4,000- to 13,000-fold during this period, indicating enhanced decay rates of intact proviruses even after adjusting for dilution effects from somatic growth.

National Trends in Breastfeeding by Gestational Age Category.

National breastfeeding (direct breastfeeding and/or provision of pumped breast milk) rates among preterm infants are unclear. We report rates of breastfeeding initiation and continuation at 12 weeks after birth by gestational age category from a nationally representative survey between 2009 and 2019. Breastfeeding rates were lowest among infants born late preterm compared with other gestational age categories.

Evaluating the Implementation and Clinical Effectiveness of an Innovative Digital First Care Model for Behavioral Health Using the RE-AIM Framework: Quantitative Evaluation.

Background: In the United States, innovation is needed to address the increasing need for mental health care services and widen the patient-to-provider ratio. Despite the benefits of digital mental health interventions (DMHIs), they have not been effective in addressing patients' behavioral health challenges as stand-alone treatments.

Objective: This study evaluates the implementation and effectiveness of precision behavioral health (PBH), a digital-first behavioral health care model embedded within routine primary care that refers patients to an ecosystem of evidence-based DMHIs with strategically placed human support.

Multicenter Pivotal Study of the Alterra Adaptive Prestent for the Treatment of Pulmonary Regurgitation.

Background: A dilated native right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) presents unique challenges for transcatheter management using balloon-expandable valves. The Alterra Adaptive Prestent was designed to expand transcatheter therapy to treat patients with dilated RVOTs.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to report 2-year outcomes of the main cohort of the ALTERRA (Multicenter Study of Congenital Pulmonic Valve Dysfunction Studying the SAPIEN 3 THV With the Alterra Adaptive Prestent) pivotal trial using the prestent with transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement.

A Novel Preoperative Risk Score to Identify Patients at High Risk for Nonhome Discharge after Elective Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

Background: Nonhome discharge (NHD) to a rehabilitation or skilled nursing facility after vascular surgery is poorly described despite its impact on patients. For home-dwelling patients undergoing elective surgery, the need for postoperative NHD can have meaningful implications on quality of life, long-term outcomes, and health-care spending. Understanding postsurgical NHD risk is essential to preoperative counseling and shared decision making.

Anterior and posterior thalamic volumes differentially correlate with memory, attention, and motor processes in HIV infection and alcohol use disorder comorbidity.

The thalamus, with its reciprocal connections to and from cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar regions, is a central active participant in multiple functional brain networks. Structural MRI studies measuring the entire thalamus without respect to its regional or nuclear divisions report volume shrinkage in diseases including HIV infection, alcohol use disorder (AUD), and their comorbidity (HIV+AUD). Here, we examined relations between thalamic subregions (anterior, ventral, medial, and posterior) and neuropsychological functions (attention/working memory, executive functioning, episodic memory, and motor skills).

Navigating Treatment Pathways in Metastatic Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative Breast Cancer: Optimizing Second-Line Endocrine and Targeted Therapies.

Journal Journal of Clinical Oncology, .

Factors Affecting Outcomes After Free Functional Gracilis Muscle Transfer for Elbow Flexion in Brachial Plexus Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Purpose: Free functional gracilis transfer (FFGT) is a useful option for reconstruction of elbow flexion following brachial plexus injury presenting late or with poor outcomes from previous nerve surgery. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate variables associated with superior outcomes. The efficacy of single versus double FFGT, where the first FFGT is performed to restore elbow flexion, and the choice of donor nerve for neurotization were evaluated.

FRA1 controls acinar cell plasticity during murine Kras-induced pancreatic acinar to ductal metaplasia.

Acinar cells have been proposed as a cell-of-origin for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) after undergoing acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM). ADM can be triggered by pancreatitis, causing acinar cells to de-differentiate to a ductal-like state. We identify FRA1 (gene name Fosl1) as the most active transcription factor during Kras acute pancreatitis-mediated injury, and we have elucidated a functional role of FRA1 by generating an acinar-specific Fosl1 knockout mouse expressing Kras.

Transcatheter Closure of Postinfarct VSD With the Amplatzer PIVSD Occluder: Results of a US Study.

Background: A postinfarct ventricular septal defect (PIVSD) is associated with high mortality and morbidity, particularly in patients with hemodynamic instability who are not suitable candidates for surgical repair. The Amplatzer PIVSD Occluder (Abbott) is indicated for transcatheter PIVSD closure in patients who are not satisfactory candidates for surgical repair. The objective of this study was to evaluate associated clinical outcomes.