Dental Fluoride Varnish Application During Medical Visits Among Children Who Are Privately Insured.

This cross-sectional study examines fluoride varnish application rates during well-child medical visits and identify characteristics associated with fluoride varnish receipt.

Perceived discrimination during the childbirth hospitalization and postpartum visit attendance and content: Evidence from the Listening to Mothers in California survey.

Objective: Postpartum visits are an important opportunity to address ongoing maternal health. Experiences of discrimination in healthcare can impact healthcare use, including postpartum visits. However, it is unknown whether discrimination is associated with postpartum visit content.

Cannabis Marketing and Problematic Cannabis Use Among Adolescents.

Objective: Health consequences of commercializing nonmedical cannabis remain unclear, but data suggest that youth may encounter unintended risks. This study examined whether cannabis marketing exposure and engagement are associated with problematic cannabis use among adolescents.

Method: The analytic sample included 172 lifetime cannabis users (15-19 years old) who lived in one of six states with legalized nonmedical cannabis in 2018.

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Socioeconomic Status and Medical Correlates of Trial of Labor After Cesarean and Vaginal Birth After Cesarean.

Black and Latinx women have higher rates of trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) compared with White women, but lower rates of vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). This study examined potential racial/ethnic differences in correlates of TOLAC and VBAC. The analytic sample includes term, singleton hospital births to women with one prior cesarean in birth certificate data for 2016.

Receiving Real-Time Clinical Feedback: A Workshop and OSTE Assessment for Medical Students.

Background: Many programs designed to improve feedback to students focus on faculty's ability to provide a safe learning environment, and specific, actionable suggestions for improvement. Little attention has been paid to improving students' attitudes and skills in accepting and responding to feedback effectively. Effective "real-time" feedback in the clinical setting is dependent on both the skill of the teacher and the learner's ability to receive the feedback.

Association of Insurance Status With Provision of Recommended Services During Comprehensive Postpartum Visits.

Importance: Improving care during the postpartum period is a clinical and policy priority. During the comprehensive postpartum visit, guidelines recommend delivery of a large number of assessment, screening, and counseling services. However, little is known about services provided during these visits.

An expert judgment model to predict early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States.

During early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, forecasts provided actionable information about disease transmission to public health decision-makers. Between February and May 2020, experts in infectious disease modeling made weekly predictions about the impact of the pandemic in the U.S.

High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Organism Colonization in 28 Nursing Homes: An "Iceberg Effect".

Objective: Determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing organisms (ESBLs), and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) among residents and in the environment of nursing homes (NHs).

Design: Point prevalence sampling of residents and environmental sampling of high-touch objects in resident rooms and common areas.

Evaluation of Availability of Survey Data About Cannabis Use.

Importance: In response to increasing public support for cannabis legalization, understanding associations of state and federal policy changes related to cannabis legalization with patterns of cannabis use is important. A challenge for public health monitoring and research is significant variation in data availability related to cannabis use behaviors and perceptions across and within states and over time, including the availability of prelegalization vs postlegalization data.

Objective: To review data available on cannabis use and related behaviors over time in Massachusetts and the US.

What human sperm RNA-Seq tells us about the microbiome.

Purpose: The study was designed to assess the capacity of human sperm RNA-seq data to gauge the diversity of the associated microbiome within the ejaculate.

Methods: Semen samples were collected, and semen parameters evaluated at time of collection. Sperm RNA was isolated and subjected to RNA-seq.

Exposure to Cannabis Marketing in Social and Traditional Media and Past-Year Use Among Adolescents in States With Legal Retail Cannabis.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine adolescents' self-reported exposure to cannabis marketing in states with legalized cannabis and its association with past-year cannabis use.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, online panel survey of 469 adolescents aged 15-19 years residing in four states with legal retail cannabis for adult use. Adolescents self-reported exposure to cannabis marketing on social or traditional media (i.

Association of Open Approach vs Laparoscopic Approach With Risk of Surgical Site Infection After Colon Surgery.

Importance: Colon surgery is associated with a high rate of surgical site infection (SSI), and there is an urgent need for strategies to reduce infection rates.

Objective: To assess whether laparoscopic colon surgery is associated with a lower surgical site infection rate than open-approach laparoscopy, especially in patients with medically complex conditions.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study used previously validated diagnosis and procedure codes from Medicare beneficiaries who underwent colon surgery from January 1, 2009, to November 30, 2013.

Active cannabis marketing and adolescent past-year cannabis use.

Methods: Data are from an online survey of 482 adolescents (aged 15-19 years) living in states with legalized retail cannabis. Youth were asked about their engagement with cannabis promotions, including whether they liked/followed cannabis businesses on social media (Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram), had a favorite cannabis brand, or could see themselves owning/wearing a cannabis-branded product. Youth also self-reported cannabis use in the past year.

Using "outbreak science" to strengthen the use of models during epidemics.

Infectious disease modeling has played a prominent role in recent outbreaks, yet integrating these analyses into public health decision-making has been challenging. We recommend establishing ‘outbreak science’ as an inter-disciplinary field to improve applied epidemic modeling.

Associations of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances With Incident Diabetes and Microvascular Disease.

Objective: Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are suspected endocrine disruptors widely detected across populations. We examine the extent to which PFASs are associated with diabetes incidence and microvascular disease. Secondarily, we tested whether a lifestyle intervention modifies associations and decreases concentrations.

Declined care and discrimination during the childbirth hospitalization.

Many studies have documented poorer patient-provider interactions among people of color compared to Whites, including lower-quality patient-provider communication, less involvement in decision making, and higher chances of perceived discrimination in healthcare encounters. In maternity care, where overuse of medical interventions such as cesarean delivery is a concern, women may try to exert agency by declining procedures. However, declining procedures may brand these women as uncooperative or non-compliant patients.

The SHIELD Orange County Project: Multidrug-resistant Organism Prevalence in 21 Nursing Homes and Long-term Acute Care Facilities in Southern California.

Background: Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) spread between hospitals, nursing homes (NHs), and long-term acute care facilities (LTACs) via patient transfers. The Shared Healthcare Intervention to Eliminate Life-threatening Dissemination of MDROs in Orange County is a regional public health collaborative involving decolonization at 38 healthcare facilities selected based on their high degree of patient sharing. We report baseline MDRO prevalence in 21 NHs/LTACs.

Association of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances With Adiposity.

Importance: Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous synthetic chemicals that are suspected endocrine disruptors.

Objectives: To determine the extent to which PFASs are associated with increases in weight and body size and evaluate whether a lifestyle intervention modifies this association.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This prospective cohort study included 957 individuals who participated in the Diabetes Prevention Program trial, conducted from July 1996 to May 2001, and the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, conducted from September 2002 to January 2014.

Breast Cancer Risk After Recent Childbirth: A Pooled Analysis of 15 Prospective Studies.

Background: Parity is widely recognized as protective for breast cancer, but breast cancer risk may be increased shortly after childbirth. Whether this risk varies with breastfeeding, family history of breast cancer, or specific tumor subtype has rarely been evaluated.

Objective: To characterize breast cancer risk in relation to recent childbirth.

Women's preference for vaginal birth after a first delivery by cesarean.

Background: Nearly 90% of United States pregnant women with a prior cesarean give birth by repeat cesarean. Public health goals encourage greater use of vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), but there is little prospective data on predictors of women's preference for VBAC. We characterized predictors of women's preferred mode of delivery after a first cesarean and thematically categorized reasons for their preference.

Association of Cesarean Delivery With Body Mass Index z Score at Age 5 Years.

This study describes a within-family study of more than 16 000 siblings to investigate the potential link between cesarean delivery and childhood obesity.

Cost-Effectiveness of Publicly Funded Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder in California.

Background: Only 1 in 5 of the nearly 2.4 million Americans with an opioid use disorder received treatment in 2015. Fewer than half of Californians who received treatment in 2014 received opioid agonist treatment (OAT), and regulations for admission to OAT in California are more stringent than federal regulations.

The Economic Burden of Pathological Gambling and Co-occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders.

Objectives: Disordered gambling often co-occurs with psychiatric and substance use disorders. The study aim was to assess the healthcare costs of pathological gambling (PG) and co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders by payer. This is the first-of-its-kind economic analysis of addictive behaviors and mental health disorders.

Immunization, Antibiotic Use, and Pneumococcal Colonization Over a 15-Year Period.

Background: Rates of invasive pneumococcal disease have declined since widespread introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in the United States. We evaluated the impact of immunization status and recent antibiotic use on an individual child's risk of colonization.

Methods: This study extends previously reported data from children <7 years of age seen for well child or acute care visits in Massachusetts communities.

Endocrine Disruptors and Health Effects in Africa: A Call for Action.

Background: Africa faces a number of unique environmental challenges. Unfortunately, it lacks the infrastructure needed to support the comprehensive environmental studies that could provide the scientific basis to inform environmental policies. There are a number of known sources of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and other hazardous chemicals in Africa.