What Do We Mean by Sharing of Patient Data? DaSH: A Data Sharing Hierarchy of Privacy and Ethical Challenges.

Background:  Clinical data sharing is common and necessary for patient care, research, public health, and innovation. However, the term "data sharing" is often ambiguous in its many facets and complexities-each of which involves ethical, legal, and social issues. To our knowledge, there is no extant hierarchy of data sharing that assesses these issues.

Ready or Not: A Crossover Study of (Un)graded Individual Readiness Assurance Tests in Team-Based Learning.

Objective: This study aimed to measure the effects of graded vs ungraded individual readiness assurance tests (iRATs) on the students' test scores and achievement goals in a team-based learning classroom.

Methods: A 2 × 2 crossover study was conducted in a required second-year pharmacotherapy course. Teams 1 to 8 were assigned to a UG iRAT during the first half of the course, followed by a G iRAT the second half of the course (G/UG group).

Cannabis Use Associations with Adverse Psychosocial Functioning among North American College Students.

: Adolescent-onset cannabis use (CU) (before age 18) is associated with multiple adverse psychosocial outcomes, but rates of CU peak between the ages of 18 and 22, coinciding with college matriculation. Whether CU among college-enrolled young adults is associated with similar psychosocial outcomes is poorly understood. In the present study, we examined relationships between CU and multiple psychosocial outcomes in North American college students.

Current Management of Subcondylar Fractures: A Systematic Review.

Objective: The aim of this study is to review the current literature on treatment of subcondylar fractures using traditional open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), closed reduction with maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), and endoscopic open approaches.

Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Clinicaltrials.gov, and WHO ICTRP.

Selective Neurectomy for Treatment of Post-Facial Paralysis Synkinesis: A Systematic Review.

Background:  Synkinesis is commonly encountered after flaccid facial paralysis and can have a detrimental impact on a patient's life. First-line treatment of synkinesis is chemodenervation with botulinum toxin (Botox) and neuromuscular retraining. Surgical options include selective myectomy, selective neurectomy (SN), cross-facial nerve grafting, nerve substitution, and free gracilis muscle transfer.

Modes of failure with fractional flow reserve guidewires: Insights from the manufacturer and user facility device experience database.

Background: Fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurement is commonly used in the cardiac catheterization laboratory to assess the functional significance of coronary arterial plaques. Robust real-world data on complications and modes of failure of FFR guidewires are limited.

Aim: To characterize these outcomes by analyzing the post-marketing surveillance data from the United States Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database for commonly used FFR guidewires.

Cost comparison of nine-month treatment regimens with 20-month standardized care for the treatment of rifampicin-resistant/multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in Nigeria.

Background: Globally, drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) continues to be a public health threat. Nigeria, which accounts for a significant proportion of the global burden of rifampicin/multi-drug resistant-TB (RR/MDR-TB) had a funding gap of $168 million dollars for TB treatment in 2018. Since 2010, Nigeria has utilized five different models of care for RR/MDR-TB (Models A-E); Models A, B and C based on a standardized WHO-approved treatment regimen of 20-24 months, were phased out between 2015 and 2019 and replaced by Models D and E.

Exploring Patient-Reported Costs Related to Hepatitis C on the Medical Crowdfunding Page GoFundMe®.

Background: Successful medical crowdfunding campaigns may alleviate or even eliminate the financial burden of expensive, cumulative medical bills. GoFundMe crowdfunding pages for hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients were reviewed and analyzed to better understand the characteristics that contribute to a successful fundraising campaign in a disease often associated with patients with a lower social standing or stigma.

Methods: A pilot cross-sectional study of all publicly available GoFundMe crowdfunding pages was conducted for posts related to HCV on GoFundMe in June 2019.

Surveillance for Invasive Salmonella Disease in Bamako, Mali, From 2002 to 2018.

Background: Salmonella enterica bloodstream infections are an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, including in Mali. We report 17 years of surveillance for nontyphoidal and typhoidal S. enterica infections among inpatients and outpatients at l'Hôpital Gabriel Touré, the main source of pediatric tertiary care in Bamako, Mali.

An Overview of Cancer Pain: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology.

Objective: To present an overview of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of cancer pain related to disease and treatment.

Data Sources: Published manuscripts, Web sites, and textbook chapters.

Conclusion: Current knowledge of cancer pain epidemiology and pathophysiology widens and focuses the opportunities to prevent, limit, and treat cancer pain.

Mechanism of DNA double-strand break repair by non-homologous end joining.

The repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is critical for maintaining genome stability. Although the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway frequently results in minor changes in DNA sequence at the break site and occasionally the joining of previously unlinked DNA molecules, it is a major contributor to cell survival following exposure of mammalian cells to agents that cause DSBs. This repair mechanism is conserved in lower eukaryotes and in some prokaryotes although the majority of DSBs are repaired by recombinational repair pathways in these organisms.

EROD and CYP1A protein in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) from an urban estuary relative to that in benzo[a]pyrene-exposed hatchery specimens.

Bottom-feeding fish such as flounder and killifish have been widely used in monitoring hepatic monooxygenase induction in polluted water bodies. While channel catfish are often utilized in tissue monitoring of fresh and estuarine water bodies, few data are available on their use in environmental monitoring of hepatic monooxygenase activity. In this project, the presence of CYP1A protein was verified in channel catfish through recognition by Mab 1-12-3, an antibody which recognizes the CYP1A homologue in a variety of teleost species.

Analysis, advice, and congressional leadership: the Physician Payment Review Commission and the politics of Medicare.

In 1985, Congress established the Physician Payment Review Commission (PPRC) to help formulate changes in the system used by Medicare to pay for physician services. The recommendations of the PPRC and subsequent legislative action led to fundamental reform. As a new type of advisory body, the PPRC enabled Congress to establish an agenda for physician payment reform and set it into law despite initial resistance from the executive branch.