Electrolyte Design for Low-Temperature Li-Metal Batteries: Challenges and Prospects.

Electrolyte design holds the greatest opportunity for the development of batteries that are capable of sub-zero temperature operation. To get the most energy storage out of the battery at low temperatures, improvements in electrolyte chemistry need to be coupled with optimized electrode materials and tailored electrolyte/electrode interphases. Herein, this review critically outlines electrolytes' limiting factors, including reduced ionic conductivity, large de-solvation energy, sluggish charge transfer, and slow Li-ion transportation across the electrolyte/electrode interphases, which affect the low-temperature performance of Li-metal batteries.

Leaf abaxial immunity to powdery mildew in Arabidopsis is conferred by multiple defense mechanisms.

Powdery mildew fungi are obligate biotrophic pathogens that only invade plant epidermal cells. There are two epidermal surfaces in every plant leaf: the adaxial (upper) side and the abaxial (lower) side. While both leaf surfaces can be susceptible to adapted powdery mildew fungi in many plant species, there have been observations of leaf abaxial immunity in some plant species including Arabidopsis.

Multiscale spatiotemporal variability of fecal indicator bacteria and associated particle size distributions in the sandy bottom sediments of a Pennsylvania creek.

Concentrations of the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) Escherichia coli and enterococci are used to assess microbial impairment in irrigation and recreation water sources. Although the FIB concentrations' variability at large temporal scales, such as seasons, and large spatial scales encompassing different land use has been studied, the knowledge about smaller scale variability remains sparse. This work aimed to research the small-scale variability of E.

Effects of Long-Term Home Exercise in Participants With Peripheral Artery Disease.

Background This randomized controlled trial compared long-term changes in peak walking time (PWT) and exercise time-to-minimum calf muscle oxygen saturation (StO) in symptomatic participants with peripheral artery disease following a long-term home exercise program (HEP), a short-term supervised exercise therapy (SET) program that transitioned to a long-term HEP (SET/HEP), and a control intervention. Methods and Results For the first 3 months, HEP and SET/HEP groups performed intermittent walking to mild-to-moderate claudication pain, whereas the control group performed light resistance training. For the subsequent 15 months, the HEP group continued their exercise program, the SET/HEP group transitioned from SET to the HEP program, and the control group transitioned to only receive walking advice.

Calm after the storm? Similar patterns of genetic variation in a riverine foundation species before and after severe disturbance.

In summer 2011, Tropical storms Lee and Irene caused an estimated 90% decline of the submersed aquatic plant Michx. (Hydrocharitaceae) in the Hudson River of New York (USA). To understand the genetic impact of such large-scale demographic losses, we compared diversity at 10 microsatellite loci in 135 samples collected from five sites just before the storms with 239 shoots collected from nine sites 4 years after.

Component-specific developmental trajectories of ERP indices of cognitive control in early childhood.

Early childhood is characterized by robust developmental changes in cognitive control. However, our understanding of intra-individual change in neural indices of cognitive control during this period remains limited. Here, we examined developmental changes in event-related potential (ERP) indices of cognitive control from preschool through first grade, in a large and diverse sample of children (N = 257).

Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in a Large US population Over a Period of 12 Months.

Due to a combination of asymptomatic or undiagnosed infections, the proportion of the United States population infected with SARS-CoV-2 was unclear from the beginning of the pandemic. We previously established a platform to screen for SARS-CoV-2 positivity across a representative proportion of the US population, from which we reported that almost 17 million Americans were estimated to have had undocumented infections in the Spring of 2020. Since then, vaccine rollout and prevalence of different SARS-CoV-2 variants have further altered seropositivity trends within the United States population.

Ionizing Radiation Synthesis of Hydrogel Nanoparticles of Gelatin and Polyethylene Glycol at High Temperature.

Nanohydrogel particles of polyethylene glycol (PEG), gelatin (GEL), and PEG-GEL mixtures (MIXs) were synthesized with a high electron beam and Co gamma-ray radiation. The relatively novel technique of Asymmetrical Flow Field Flow Fractionation (AF4 or AFFFF) coupled to a Multi-Angle Laser Light Scattering (MALLS) detector was mainly used to determine the hydrodynamic diameter (D) of the radiation-synthesized PEG, GEL, and PEG-GEL nanohydrogel particles. Our approach to achieving nanohydrogel particles is to enhance the intracrosslinking reactions and decrease the intercrosslinking reactions of the C-centered radicals of the PEG and GEL.

Anaphylatoxin signaling activates macrophages to control intracellular proliferation.

Pathogenic species are extremely dangerous bacteria that grow within the cytoplasm of host mammalian cells. In most cases, these bacteria are able to overpower the host cell and grow within the protected environment of the cytoplasm. However, a dramatic conflict occurs when encounter innate immune cells; the bacteria can "win" by taking over the host, or the bacteria can "lose" if the host cell efficiently fights the infection.

Para- and Transcellular Transport Kinetics of Nanoparticles across Lymphatic Endothelial Cells.

Lymphatic vessels have received significant attention as drug delivery targets, as they shuttle materials from peripheral tissues to the lymph nodes, where adaptive immunity is formed. Delivery of immune modulatory materials to the lymph nodes via lymphatic vessels has been shown to enhance their efficacy and also improve the bioavailability of drugs when delivered to intestinal lymphatic vessels. In this study, we generated a three-compartment model of a lymphatic vessel with a set of kinematic differential equations to describe the transport of nanoparticles from the surrounding tissues into lymphatic vessels.

Pregnancy and newborn health - heat impacts and emerging solutions.

Evidence is accumulating, both in the US and abroad, of the apparent serious health impacts of various environmental exposures tied to climate change. High ambient temperature, or heat, is a worsening global health risk. Heat risk is affected by many factors such as the magnitude, duration, and timing of exposure - such as specific, critical windows during pregnancy.

Incentive based emergency demand response effectively reduces peak load during heatwave without harm to vulnerable groups.

The incentive-based emergency demand response measure serves as an important regulatory tool during energy system operations. However, whether people will sacrifice comfort to respond to it during heatwave and what the effect on heat vulnerable populations will be are still unclear. A large-scale emergency demand response pilot involving 205,129 households was conducted in southwestern China during continuous extreme high temperatures in summer.

Role of oestrous cycle and orbitofrontal cortex in oxycodone seeking after 15-day abstinence in female rats.

Relapse to oxycodone seeking progressively increases after abstinence in rats, a phenomenon termed incubation of oxycodone craving. We have previously shown that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) plays a critical role in incubation of oxycodone craving in male rats. Here, we examined the effect of oestrous cycle on incubated oxycodone seeking in female rats, and whether the critical role of OFC in incubated oxycodone seeking generalizes to female rats.

Single-cell optogenetics reveals attenuation-by-suppression in visual cortical neurons.

The relationship between neurons' input and spiking output is central to brain computation. Studies and in anesthetized animals suggest nonlinearities emerge in cells' input-output (activation) functions as network activity increases, yet how neurons transform inputs has been unclear. Here, we characterize cortical principal neurons' activation functions in awake mice using two-photon optogenetics.

On fast simulation of dynamical system with neural vector enhanced numerical solver.

The large-scale simulation of dynamical systems is critical in numerous scientific and engineering disciplines. However, traditional numerical solvers are limited by the choice of step sizes when estimating integration, resulting in a trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency. To address this challenge, we introduce a deep learning-based corrector called Neural Vector (NeurVec), which can compensate for integration errors and enable larger time step sizes in simulations.

Field sampling of fig pollinator wasps across host species and host developmental phase: Implications for host recognition and specificity.

Previous genetic studies of pollinator wasps associated with a community of strangler figs ( subgenus , section ) in Central Panama suggest that the wasp species exhibit a range in host specificity across their host figs. To better understand factors that might contribute to this observed range of specificity, we used sticky traps to capture fig-pollinating wasp individuals at 13 species, sampling at different phases of the reproductive cycle of the host figs (e.g.

Neurocognitive mechanisms of co-occurring math difficulties in dyslexia: Differences in executive function and visuospatial processing.

Children with dyslexia frequently also struggle with math. However, studies of reading disability (RD) rarely assess math skill, and the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying co-occurring reading and math disability (RD+MD) are not clear. The current study aimed to identify behavioral and neurocognitive factors associated with co-occurring MD among 86 children with RD.

Impact on diabetes outcomes and team skills of integrating dietetic services into interprofessional education and teamwork in primary care.

Objectives: Diabetes is a complex disease requiring daily self-management of diet and activity, yet many patients do not receive recommended self-management education, medical nutrition therapy, or team-based care that includes registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs). Such service deficits contribute to challenges in meeting combined diabetes care goals. We evaluated the impact of adding RDN-supervised dietetic interns to an established primary care interprofessional education/teamwork model on patients' clinical outcomes and health professions students' team skills.

Offending and the Long-Term Risk of Death: An Examination of Mid-Life Mortality Among an Urban Black American Cohort.

Research on the long-term relationship between offending and mortality is limited, especially among minorities who have higher risk of premature mortality and criminal offending, particularly arrest. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we estimate the relationship between young adult offending and later mortality (to age 58) among a community cohort of Black Americans ( = 1,182). After controlling for a wide range of covariates, results indicate that violent offenders are at heightened risk of mortality from young adulthood through midlife compared with both non-violent only offenders and non-offenders.

A high-density EEG and structural MRI source analysis of the frequency following response to missing fundamental stimuli reveals subcortical and cortical activation to low and high frequency stimuli.

Pitch is a perceptual rather than physical phenomenon, important for spoken language use, musical communication, and other aspects of everyday life. Auditory stimuli can be designed to probe the relationship between perception and physiological responses to pitch-evoking stimuli. One technique for measuring physiological responses to pitch-evoking stimuli is the frequency following response (FFR).

Well-hidden methanogenesis in deep, organic-rich sediments of Guaymas Basin.

Deep marine sediments (>1mbsf) harbor ~26% of microbial biomass and are the largest reservoir of methane on Earth. Yet, the deep subsurface biosphere and controls on its contribution to methane production remain underexplored. Here, we use a multidisciplinary approach to examine methanogenesis in sediments (down to 295 mbsf) from sites with varying degrees of thermal alteration (none, past, current) at Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) for the first time.

Mosquito midgut stem cell cellular defense response limits parasite infection.

A novel cellular response of midgut progenitors (stem cells and enteroblasts) to infection was investigated in The presence of developing oocysts triggers proliferation of midgut progenitors that is modulated by the Jak/STAT pathway, and proportional to the number of oocysts on individual midguts. The percentage of parasites in direct contact with enteroblasts increases over time, as progenitors proliferate. Enhancing proliferation of progenitors significantly decreases oocyst numbers, while limiting proliferation increases oocyst survival.