Light-Dependent Amide or Thioamide Formation of Acylsilanes with Amines using Elemental Sulfur.

Due to the diverse chemical and physical properties of functional groups, mild and controllable ligation methods are often required to construct complex drugs and functional materials. To make diverse sets of products with tunable physicochemical properties, it is also useful to employ complimentary ligation methods that adopt the same starting materials. Here, we disclose the efficient and modular synthesis of amides or thioamides through the chemical ligation of acylsilanes with amines, simply by turning a light on or off.

Sustainable methods for the carboxymethylation and methylation of ursolic acid with dimethyl carbonate under mild and acidic conditions.

Ursolic acid is a triterpene plant extract that exhibits significant potential as an anti-cancer, anti-tumour, and anti-inflammatory agent. Its direct use in the pharmaceutical industry is hampered by poor uptake of ursolic acid in the human body coupled with rapid metabolism causing a decrease in bioactivity. Modification of ursolic acid can overcome such issues, however, use of toxic reagents, unsustainable synthetic routes and poor reaction metrics have limited its potential.

Pension accounting information and firm value: An analysis of FTSE 100 companies.

This study is among the first to take known results in pension accounting and use a sample of UK listed FTSE 100 companies to show that the results are mostly the same as in previous research (on the US companies) into associations between pension accounting information and firm value. We investigate the association between published pension accounting information and the market value of a sample of UK listed FTSE 100 companies in the ten-year period 2006 to 2015. We analyse UK listed firms that report under the IFRS accounting framework (IAS 19), which is a contribution to earlier literature that concentrated on US listed firms that report under the US (FASB) accounting framework that has significantly different pension accounting rules to the IFRS accounting framework.

Phosphine-catalyzed activation of cyclopropenones: a versatile C synthon for (3+2) annulations with unsaturated electrophiles.

We herein report a phosphine-catalyzed (3 + 2) annulation of cyclopropenones with a wide variety of electrophilic π systems, including aldehydes, ketoesters, imines, isocyanates, and carbodiimides, offering products of butenolides, butyrolactams, maleimides, and iminomaleimides, respectively, in high yields with broad substrate scope. An α-ketenyl phosphorous ylide is validated as the key intermediate, which undergoes preferential catalytic cyclization with aldehydes rather than stoichiometric Wittig olefinations. This phosphine-catalyzed activation of cyclopropenones thus supplies a versatile C synthon for formal cycloadditon reactions.

8,8'-(Benzo[][1,2,5]thiadiazole-4,7-diyl)bis(quinolin-4(1)-one): a twisted photosensitizer with AIE properties.

A new benzothiadiazole (BTZ) luminogen is prepared the Suzuki-Miyaura Pd-catalysed C-C cross-coupling of 8-iodoquinolin-4(1)-one and a BTZ bispinacol boronic ester. The rapid reaction (5 min) affords the air-, thermo-, and photostable product in 97% yield as a yellow precipitate that can be isolated by filtration. The luminogen exhibits aggregated-induced emission (AIE) properties, which are attributed to its photoactive BTZ core and nonplanar geometry.

Heterotelechelic homopolymers mimicking high - ultralow block copolymers with sub-2 nm domain size.

Three fluorinated, hydrophobic initiators have been utilised for the synthesis of low molecular mass fluoro-poly(acrylic acid) heterotelechelic homopolymers to mimic high chi ()-low diblock copolymers with ultrafine domains of sub-2 nm length scale. Polymers were obtained by a simple photoinduced copper(ii)-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerisation (Cu-RDRP) affording low molecular mass (<3 kDa) and low dispersity ( = 1.04-1.

Beyond counting intended pregnancies among young women to understanding their associated factors in sub-Saharan Africa.

Background: In this article we report the prevalence and determinants of intended or wanted pregnancies among young women 15-24 y of age in selected sub-Saharan African countries.

Methods: This cross-sectional study used pooled data from current Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019 in 29 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The sample size comprised 14 257 young women (15-24 y of age).

The Use of Contextualized Standardized Client Simulation to Develop Clinical Reasoning in Final-Year Veterinary Students.

Clinical reasoning is an important skill for veterinary students to develop before graduation. Simulation has been studied in medical education as a method for developing clinical reasoning in students, but evidence supporting it is limited. This study involved the creation of a contextualized, standardized client simulation session that aimed to improve the clinical reasoning ability and confidence of final-year veterinary students.

Age- and quality-dependent DNA methylation correlate with melanin-based coloration in a wild bird.

Secondary sexual trait expression can be influenced by fixed individual factors (such as genetic quality) as well as by dynamic factors (such as age and environmentally induced gene expression) that may be associated with variation in condition or quality. In particular, melanin-based traits are known to relate to condition and there is a well-characterized genetic pathway underpinning their expression. However, the mechanisms linking variable trait expression to genetic quality remain unclear.

Aging in personal and social immunity: do immune traits senesce at the same rate?

How much should an individual invest in immunity as it grows older? Immunity is costly and its value is likely to change across an organism's lifespan. A limited number of studies have focused on how personal immune investment changes with age in insects, but we do not know how social immunity, immune responses that protect kin, changes across lifespan, or how resources are divided between these two arms of the immune response. In this study, both personal and social immune functions are considered in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides.

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an educational intervention for practice teams to deliver problem focused therapy for insomnia: rationale and design of a pilot cluster randomised trial.

Background: Sleep problems are common, affecting over a third of adults in the United Kingdom and leading to reduced productivity and impaired health-related quality of life. Many of those whose lives are affected seek medical help from primary care. Drug treatment is ineffective long term.