Protecting the ingroup stereotype: ingroup identification and the management of deviant ingroup members.

In two experiments, we investigated the impact of the presentation of a deviant ingroup member on the perception of the ingroup among participants who differed in their degree of identification with the ingroup. In Study 1, we measured psychology students' level of identification with the group of psychologists (i.e.

The Royal College of Physicians report on alcohol: guidelines for managing Wernicke's encephalopathy in the accident and Emergency Department.

The Royal College of Physicians (London) recently published its latest report on alcohol misuse entitled 'Alcohol - Can the NHS Afford It?'. Part of this document, encompassing our views, has made specific recommendations for the management of patients in the Accident and Emergency (A&E) Department who may possibly have, or are at risk of developing, Wernicke's encephalopathy. Patients showing evidence of chronic alcohol misuse and suspected of having a poor diet should be treated at the outset with B vitamins intravenously or intramuscularly, especially when the clinical signs are initially masked by drunkenness at presentation to the A&E Department.

Validity beliefs and ideology can influence legal case judgments differently.

Jurors sometimes enter a case both with prior beliefs about its likely validity and with more general ideologies that are relevant to the case. Although prior validity beliefs may serve as heuristics, directly biasing decisions when cognitive capacity is low, we hypothesized that ideology may bias systematic thought even when cognitive capacity is high. This experiment studied simulated individual juror decisions in a sex-discrimination case, measuring validity beliefs about such cases as well as feminist ideology, and exposing participants to 1 of 3 case versions under time pressure or no time pressure.

Engagement in meaningful activity and "active support" of people with intellectual disabilities in residential care.

Forty-nine adults with learning disabilities living in 13 small staffed homes in England were studied as part of larger projects in 1997 and again in 2000. A pre-test/post-test comparison group design was used to assess differences in staff implementation of "active support," service user engagement in meaningful activities and adaptive behaviour. Homes which adopted active support showed significantly increased engagement in meaningful activity and adaptive behaviour between 1997 and 2000.

Regulation of the human vitamin C transporters expressed in COS-1 cells by protein kinase C [corrected].

Protein kinase C (PKC) regulation of l-ascorbic acid transport mediated by the Na+/ascorbic acid transporters, hSVCT1 and hSVCT2, expressed in COS-1 cells was studied using recombinant carboxyl-terminal V5 epitope-tagged forms of the transporters. The PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) caused a time-dependent and concentration-dependent decrease (40-60%) in ascorbic acid transport activity. Effects of PMA were not observed with the inactive phorbol ester 4 alpha-phorbol and were reversed by treatment of the cells with the PKC-specific inhibitor Ro-31-8220.

Recovery of distal hole axis in intramedullary nail trajectory planning.

In intramedullary nail (IMN) surgical operations, one of the main efforts for surgeons is to find the axes of two distal holes. Two distal holes on an IMN, which are inside the intramedullary canal of a patient's femur, can only be seen in a lateral X-ray view. For the standard surgical procedure, the localization of the distal hole axes is a trial-and-error process which results in a long surgical time and large dose of X-ray exposure.

Integrating mark-recapture-recovery and census data to estimate animal abundance and demographic parameters.

In studies of wild animals, one frequently encounters both census and mark-recapture-recovery data. We show how a state-space model for census data in combination with the usual multinomial-based models for ring-recovery data provide estimates of productivity not available from either type of data alone. The approach is illustrated on two British bird species.

A new model for ductal carcinoma in situ suggests strategies for treatment.

Human ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is now diagnosed quite frequently, due largely to the introduction of mammographic screening. It has been shown in a cell culture system that activation of c-erbB-2, but not the epidermal growth factor receptor, results in a DCIS-like phenotype. Since overexpression of c-erbB-2 occurs in 60% of DCIS, this suggests that it could be a target for treatment in this disease.

Possible mechanism for the alpha subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor (CD25) to influence interleukin-2 receptor signal transduction.

The receptors for interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interleukin 15 (IL-15) in T cells share the IL-2R beta subunit (CD122) and gamma(C) subunit but have private alpha subunits. Despite utilizing the same receptor chains known to be necessary and sufficient to transduce IL-2 signals the two cytokines manifest different cellular effects. It is commonly held that the alpha subunit of the IL-2R (CD25) is involved solely in the generation of a high affinity receptor complex.

Changes in social impairment for people with intellectual disabilities: a follow-up of the Camberwell cohort.

The skills and social impairments of a total population of children with severe intellectual disabilities and/or autism from Camberwell, South London (Wing and Gould, 1978 and 1979), were assessed using the Handicaps, Behaviours and Skills schedule, and they were reassessed when they were adolescents and young adults (Shah, 1986). Changes in social impairment over time are presented here. As Shah (1986) had found with a smaller sample, social impairment remained relatively stable over time: on a simple "socially impaired" versus "sociable" dichotomous grouping, 93% did not change social group.

Cellular stresses profoundly inhibit protein synthesis and modulate the states of phosphorylation of multiple translation factors.

We have examined the effects of widely used stress-inducing agents on protein synthesis and on regulatory components of the translational machinery. The three stresses chosen, arsenite, hydrogen peroxide and sorbitol, exert their effects in quite different ways. Nonetheless, all three rapidly ( approximately 30 min) caused a profound inhibition of protein synthesis.

A kinetic model of the co-operative binding of calcium and ADP to scallop (Argopecten irradians) heavy meromyosin.

Analysis of the kinetics of ATP and ADP binding to scallop (Argopecten irradians) heavy meromyosin (HMM) showed that the only calcium-dependent process is the rate of ADP release. At physiological ionic strength calcium accelerated ADP release about 20-fold. Notably in the absence of calcium only one ADP bound HMM, with an affinity of 0.

The social organisation of a population of Sumatran orang-utans.

Female orang-utans in a Sumatran swamp forest live in large, but stable, and widely overlapping home ranges. They preferentially associate with some of their female neighbours, possibly relatives, to form socially distinct clusters that also experience reproductive synchrony. Sexually mature males range more widely than females, but among them the dominant adult male has a relatively more limited range.

The effect of ICER on screening methods involving CRE-mediated reporter gene expression.

We describe a mechanism whereby increasing levels of cAMP in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and other cell lines lead to a significant repression in cAMP response element (CRE)-mediated luciferase reporter gene expression. This effect was shown to be mediated by a modulatory factor located downstream of cyclic AMP (cAMP), which displayed the temporal regulation pattern of an immediate early gene. The expression of this inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) was shown to be coincident with the time and concentration dependency of the repression of CRE-mediated luciferase gene expression on the treatment of CHO cells with forskolin.

From reforms to modernisation.

This article investigates how the 1991 and 1993 reforms have affected service delivery. It uses district nursing as a case study to demonstrate how a profession can be changed by the implementation of national health and social policy.

Intellectual disability amongst people on probation: prevalence and outcome.

Background: Previous research has suggested that people with intellectual disability (ID) can be found in the criminal justice system. However, little is currently known about those supervised in the community on probation orders.

Methods: Ninety people on probation in south-east England were screened using the Learning Disabilities in the Probation Service (LIPS) screening tool, which was designed to be used by probation officers to identify those with possible ID.

Laboratory investigations of the survivability of bacteria in hypervelocity impacts.

It is now well established that material naturally moves around the Solar System, even from planetary surface to planetary surface. Accordingly, the idea that life is distributed throughout space and did not necessarily originate on the Earth but migrated here from elsewhere (Panspermia) is increasingly deemed worthy of consideration. If life arrived at the Earth from space, its relative speed will typically be of order many km s-1, and the resulting collision with the Earth and its atmosphere will be in the hypervelocity regime.

The role of time pressure on the emotional Stroop task.

Although a wide range of methodologies have been employed in examining the emotional Stroop effect, little systematic investigation of these experimental manipulations has taken place. Two experiments were designed to investigate the role of time pressure in the emotional Stroop effect. It is shown that time pressure has an important role to play in determining not only the magnitude of the effect but also in whether it is possible to observe any effect at all.

Full electrical characterization of aperiodic acoustic gratings by an enhanced delta-function model: theory and experiment.

We derive the admittance of an aperiodic one-dimensional acoustic grating with acoustically matched boundaries using an enhanced delta-function model combined with the Green's function approach. The expression obtained is compared with the classical delta-function model and with electric back reflection measurements on a linearly chirped bulk acoustic grating with matched boundaries formed in LiNbO3 by domain inversion and excited in "crossed-field" scheme. The agreement between calculated and measured results is excellent.

Alternate signalling pathways from the interleukin-2 receptor.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) plays a major role in the proliferation of cell populations during an immune reaction. The beta(c) and gamma(c) subunits of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) are sufficient and necessary for signal transduction. Despite lacking known catalytic domains, receptor engagement leads to the activation of a diverse array protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs).

Protein modification during anti-viral heat-treatment bioprocessing of factor VIII concentrates, factor IX concentrates, and model proteins in the presence of sucrose.

To ensure the optimal safety of plasma derived and new generation recombinant proteins, heat treatment is customarily applied in the manufacturing of such biopharmaceuticals as a means of viral inactivation. In subjecting proteins to anti-viral heat-treatment it is necessary to use high concentrations of thermostabilizing excipients to prevent protein damage, and it is therefore imperative that the correct balance between bioprocessing conditions, maintenance of protein integrity and virus kill is found. In this study we have utilized model proteins (lysozyme, fetuin, and human serum albumin) and plasma-derived therapeutic proteins (factor VIII and factor IX) to investigate the protein modifications that occur during anti-viral heat treatment.

Update on HER-2 as a target for cancer therapy: alternative strategies for targeting the epidermal growth factor system in cancer.

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of ligands and receptors interact to influence cell division, differentiation and motility. Much evidence supports their importance in causing and sustaining cell transformation in model systems and in human cancer. The exact mechanism by which this is achieved varies in different tumour types and from case to case.