Impact of irrelevant speech and non-speech sounds on serial recall of verbal and spatial items in children and adults.

Short-term memory for sequences of verbal items such as written words is reliably impaired by task-irrelevant background sounds, a phenomenon known as the "Irrelevant Sound Effect" (ISE). Different theoretical accounts have been proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying the ISE. Some of these assume specific interference between obligatory sound processing and phonological or serial order representations generated during task performance, whereas other posit that background sounds involuntarily divert attention away from the focal task.

Microplastics in freshwaters: Comparing effects of particle properties and an invertebrate consumer on microbial communities and ecosystem functions.

The effects of microplastic (MP) accumulation in freshwaters on organisms and ecosystem functions are poorly understood, as are the roles of MP particle properties in regulating these effects. In freshwater microcosms, we quantified variation in microbial communities and ecosystem functions and compared effects of MP concentration (0, 1000, 50000 particles/kg), shape (sphere, fragment, fibre), and polymer (polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polystyrene) with those of a model invertebrate consumer (Chironomus riparius). We detected multiple effects of specific MP properties, especially associated with MP fragments and fibres, and the polymer polypropylene.

Square Root Unscented Kalman Filter-Based Multiple-Model Fault Diagnosis of PEM Fuel Cells.

Harsh operating conditions imposed by vehicular applications significantly limit the utilization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in electric propulsion systems. Improper/poor management and supervision of rapidly varying current demands can lead to undesired electrochemical reactions and critical cell failures. Among other failures, flooding and catalytic degradation are failure mechanisms that directly impact the composition of the membrane electrode assembly and can cause irreversible cell performance deterioration.

Land Use Change Consistently Reduces α- But Not β- and γ-Diversity of Bees.

Land use change threatens global biodiversity and compromises ecosystem functions, including pollination and food production. Reduced taxonomic α-diversity is often reported under land use change, yet the impacts could be different at larger spatial scales (i.e.

Measuring four facets of emotion beliefs in Germany: A German-language adaptation of the EBQ and its comparability across gender and different emotion abilities.

Adaptive emotion regulation, involving the modulation of positive and negative emotions based on goals, is a crucial function for a person's mental health and general well-being. Factors influencing successful emotion regulation include beliefs about emotions, such as the controllability and usefulness of emotions. The Emotion Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ) was developed to assess these beliefs and has shown promise in predicting emotion regulation and psychopathology across different countries.

Environmental drivers of dissolved organic matter composition across central European aquatic systems: A novel correlation-based machine learning and FT-ICR MS approach.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) present in surface aquatic systems is a heterogeneous mixture of organic compounds reflecting its allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter (OM) sources. The composition of DOM is determined by environmental factors like land use, water chemistry, and climate, which influence its release, movement, and turnover in the ecosystem. However, studying the impact of these environmental factors on DOM composition is challenging due to the dynamic nature of the system and the complex interactions of multiple environmental factors involved.

Coefficients in Taylor's law increase with the time scale of water clarity measurements in a global suite of lakes.

Identifying the scaling rules describing ecological patterns across time and space is a central challenge in ecology. Taylor's law of fluctuation scaling, which states that the variance of a population's size or density is proportional to a positive power of the mean size or density, has been widely observed in population dynamics and characterizes variability in multiple scientific domains. However, it is unclear if this phenomenon accurately describes ecological patterns across many orders of magnitude in time, and therefore links otherwise disparate observations.

Perceiving immunity, predicting somatic symptoms: Validation of the 'Perceived Immunity' scale and its association with daily health.

Objective: While ample research links health beliefs to physical health in both healthy and clinical populations, the specific health beliefs that drive this effect remain underexplored. Addressing this gap is critical for mechanistic examinations and targeted intervention development. Building on previous work, this study aimed to assess subjective beliefs about immune system efficacy and develop a novel Perceived Immunity scale.

Self-Regulation in Preschool: Are Executive Function and Effortful Control Overlapping Constructs?

The concepts of executive function (EF) and effortful control (EC) are strikingly similar. EF originates from neurocognitive research and is described as an accumulation of cognitive processes that serve the goal-oriented self-regulation of an individual. EC originates from temperament research and is defined as the efficiency of executive attention, including the ability to inhibit a dominant response, activate a subdominant response, proceed in a planned manner, and recognize conflicts or errors.

Early-Branching Cyanobacteria Grow Faster and Upregulate Superoxide Dismutase Activity Under a Simulated Early Earth Anoxic Atmosphere.

The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis during the Archean (4-2.5 Ga) required the presence of complementary reducing pathways to maintain the cellular redox balance. While the timing of the evolution of superoxide dismutases (SODs), enzymes that convert superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and O, within bacteria and archaea is not resolved, the first SODs appearing in cyanobacteria contained copper and zinc in the reaction center (CuZnSOD).

Childhood maltreatment is associated with lower exploration and disrupted prefrontal activity and connectivity during reward learning in volatile environments.

Background: Atypical reward processing is implicated in a range of psychiatric disorders associated with childhood maltreatment and may represent a latent vulnerability mechanism. In this longitudinal study, we investigated the impact of maltreatment on behavioural and neural indices of reward learning in volatile environments and examined associations with future psychopathology assessed 18 months later.

Methods: Thirty-seven children and adolescents with documented histories of maltreatment (MT group) and a carefully matched group of 32 non-maltreated individuals (NMT group) aged 10-16 were presented with a probabilistic reinforcement learning task featuring a phase of stable and a phase of volatile reward contingencies.

Discovery and Development of an Advanced Lead for the Treatment of African Trypanosomiasis.

African trypanosomiasis is a widespread disease of human and veterinary importance caused by various with a globally devastating impact and a need for novel treatment options. We here provide a comprehensive preclinical evaluation of nucleoside analogues, 6-thioether-modified tubercidins, with curative activity against African trypanosomiasis. Promising hits were identified following screening against the most relevant trypanosome species.

Enhancing psychological assessment and treatment of chronic pain: A research agenda for personalized and process-based approaches.

The heterogeneity of chronic pain and stagnating improvements in treatment effectiveness have prompted calls for a shift toward personalized and process-based approaches to the assessment and treatment of chronic pain. As this opens a new line of research, several fundamental questions arise. We begin by defining key terms and reviewing attempts to personalize treatment to date.

Brønsted-Acid Catalyzed Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of Spiroisoindolinones from Enamides.

A highly stereoselective Brønsted-acid catalyzed synthesis of densely substituted spiroisoindolinones from enamides and 3-hydroxy-isoindolinones is described. With simple Brønsted-acids, such as para-toluene sulfonic acid, spiroisoindolinones with three contiguous stereogenic centers are formed in high yields (up to 97 %) and diastereoselectivities (up to >98 : <2 : 0 : 0 dr) under mild reaction conditions. With the use of a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst, a diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of the corresponding spiroisoindolinones was achieved.

Outdoor health intervention for refugees, migrants, and asylum-seekers: A mixed-methods pilot study.

Despite the multifaceted and diverse challenges that refugees, migrants, and asylum-seekers experience when entering a new country, they remain notably underrepresented in the evaluation and understanding of the health and wellbeing impacts of outdoor health interventions. We addressed this knowledge gap by a mixed-methods evaluation (questionnaires, focus groups and photo elicitation activity) facilitated by a community researcher. Qualitative data (focus groups and photo elicitation activity) revealed that the participants saw the social component of outdoor activities as a critical factor in improving their wellbeing, an insight not captured by established quantitative wellbeing scales.

The Pursuit of Approval: Social Media Users' Decreased Posting Latency Following Online Exclusion as a Form of Acknowledgment-Seeking Behavior.

How do individuals behave after the sting of social exclusion on social media? Previous theorizing predicts that, after experiencing exclusion, individuals either engage in activities that reconnect them with others, or, they withdraw from the context. We analyzed data from Twitter ( = 47,399 posts; = 2,000 users) and Reddit ( = 58,442 posts; = 2,000 users), using relative (un)popularity of users' own posts (i.e.

Shift in diet composition of a riparian predator along a stream pollution gradient.

Terrestrial insectivores in riparian areas, such as spiders, can depend on emergent aquatic insects as high-quality prey. However, chemical pollution entering streams from agricultural and urban sources can alter the dynamics and composition of aquatic insect emergence, which may also affect the riparian food web. Few studies have examined the effects of stressor-induced alterations in aquatic insect emergence on spiders, especially in terms of chemical pollution and diet composition.

Glyphosate losses through various stages of coffee production and consequences for human exposure.

Green coffee beans, rejected for commercial use because of glyphosate contamination, were examined to monitor their glyphosate levels from harvest, through roasting, until various coffee extractions. The green beans, Arabica and Robusta, exhibited glyphosate levels above the EU-MRL (0.14-0.

Epistemic trust and associations with psychopathology: Validation of the German version of the Epistemic Trust, Mistrust and Credulity-Questionnaire (ETMCQ).

Epistemic trust, defined as trust in socially transmitted knowledge, is discussed as a psychopathological factor in the context of new transdiagnostic approaches for the assessment of mental disorders. The aim of this study is to test the factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity of the German version of the new Epistemic Trust, Mistrust and Credulity-Questionnaire (ETMCQ). Data were collected cross-sectionally from the German-speaking general population (N = 584) and in a second sample of clinical (n = 30) and non-clinical (n = 30) participants.

Towards Bacterial Resistance via the Membrane Strategy: Enzymatic, Biophysical and Biomimetic Studies of the Lipid cis-trans Isomerase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The lipid cis-trans isomerase (Cti) is a periplasmic heme-c enzyme found in several bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen known for causing nosocomial infections. This metalloenzyme catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids in order to rapidly modulate membrane fluidity in response to stresses that impede bacterial growth. As a consequence, breakthrough in the elucidation of the mechanism of this metalloenzyme might lead to new strategies to combat bacterial antibiotic resistance.

Resilience to major life events: Advancing trajectory modeling and resilience factor identification by controlling for background stressor exposure.

Resilience has been defined as the maintenance or quick recovery of mental health during and after stressor exposure. One popular operationalization of this concept is to model prototypical trajectories of mental health in response to an adverse event, where trajectories of undisturbed low or rapidly recovering symptoms both comply with the resilience definition. However, mental health responses are likely also influenced by other stressors occurring before or during the observation time window.

Reactivity of the 2-Methylfuran Phase I Metabolite 3-Acetylacrolein Toward DNA.

2-Methylfuran (2-MF) is a well-known industrial chemical and also formed via thermal treatment of food. One main source of 2-MF in the human diet is coffee. 2-MF is known to form 3-acetylacrolein (AcA, 4-oxopent-2-enal) via cytochrome P 450 metabolism and further reacts with amino acids in vivo.

Isotopic labeling of nanoparticles for the evaluation of their environmental fate in mesocosm experiments.

Mesocosm systems simulating floodplain areas are essential for the understanding of the environmental fate and effects of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). In such mesocosm studies, the quantification of different types of nanoparticles coexisting in natural systems and containing the same element is often challenging. Such coexistence is expected e.