Twenty-four hour diurnal variation in retinal oxygen saturation.

Retinal oxygen saturation is influenced by systemic and local vasculature, intraocular pressure (IOP), and individual cellular function. In numerous retinal pathologies, early changes take place at the level of the microvasculature, thereby affecting retinal oxygenation. The purpose of this study was to investigate diurnal variations in retinal oximetry measures and evaluate the relationship with other ocular and systemic physiological processes.

Influence of different LED wavelengths on retinal melatonin levels - A rodent study.

Background: Retinal melatonin is crucial for neuroprotection. Exposure to light-emitting diodes (LEDs) affects retinal neurons, possibly influencing retinal melatonin levels. Hence, we aimed to quantify the retinal melatonin level with different LED wavelengths.

Quality of life after wearing multifocal contact lenses for myopia control for 2 weeks in the BLINK Study.

Purpose: To validate Pediatric Refractive Error Profile 2 (PREP2) subscales that can be used to evaluate contact lens wearers and compare vision-specific quality of life measurements between children wearing multifocal and single vision contact lenses for 2 weeks.

Methods: Two hundred and ninety-four myopic children aged 7-11 years (inclusive) were enrolled in the 3-year, double-masked Bifocal Lenses In Nearsighted Kids (BLINK) Study. Participants completed the PREP2 survey after having worn contact lenses for 2 weeks.

Large-scale survey of excitatory synapses reveals sublamina-specific and asymmetric synapse disassembly in a neurodegenerative circuit.

In the nervous system, parallel circuits are organized in part by the lamina-specific compartmentalization of synaptic connections. In sensory systems such as mammalian retina, degenerating third-order neurons remodel their local presynaptic connectivity with second-order neurons. To determine whether there are sublamina-specific perturbations after injury of adult retinal ganglion cells, we comprehensively analyzed excitatory synapses across the inner plexiform layer (IPL) where bipolar cells connect to ganglion cells.

Impact of monocular vs. binocular contrast and blur on the range of functional stereopsis.

Stereopsis depends on the smallest stereo threshold (lower limit) and the upper fusion limit. While studies have shown that the lower limit worsens with reduced contrast and blur, more strongly in monocular than in binocular conditions, the effect on the upper limit remains uncertain. Here, we assess the impact of contrast and blur on the range of the disparity sensitivity function (DSF) in a stereo letter recognition task.

Associations between systemic melatonin and human myopia: A systematic review.

Purpose: Experimental models have implicated the role of melatonin circadian rhythm disruption in refractive error development. Recent studies have examined melatonin concentration and its diurnal patterns on refractive error with equivocal results. This systematic review aimed to summarise the literature on melatonin circadian rhythms in myopia.

Rejection of inappropriate synaptic partners in mouse retina mediated by transcellular FLRT2-UNC5 signaling.

During nervous system development, neurons choose synaptic partners with remarkable specificity; however, the cell-cell recognition mechanisms governing rejection of inappropriate partners remain enigmatic. Here, we show that mouse retinal neurons avoid inappropriate partners by using the FLRT2-uncoordinated-5 (UNC5) receptor-ligand system. Within the inner plexiform layer (IPL), FLRT2 is expressed by direction-selective (DS) circuit neurons, whereas UNC5C/D are expressed by non-DS neurons projecting to adjacent IPL sublayers.

The Current Burden and Future Solutions for Preoperative Cataract-Refractive Evaluation Diagnostic Devices: A Modified Delphi Study.

Purpose: To obtain consensus on the key areas of burden associated with existing devices and to understand the requirements for a comprehensive next-generation diagnostic device to be able to solve current challenges and provide more accurate prediction of intraocular lens (IOL) power and presbyopia correction IOL success.

Patients And Methods: Thirteen expert refractive cataract surgeons including three steering committee (SC) members constituted the voting panel. Three rounds of voting included a Round 1 structured electronic questionnaire, Round 2 virtual face-to-face meeting, and Round 3 electronic questionnaire to obtain consensus on topics related to current limitations and future solutions for preoperative cataract-refractive diagnostic devices.

Long wavelength-sensing cones of zebrafish retina exhibit multiple layers of transcriptional heterogeneity.

Introduction: Understanding how photoreceptor genes are regulated is important for investigating retinal development and disease. While much is known about gene regulation in cones, the mechanism by which tandemly-replicated opsins, such as human long wavelength-sensitive and middle wavelength-sensitive opsins, are differentially regulated remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to further our understanding of transcriptional heterogeneity in cones that express tandemly-replicated opsins and the regulation of such differential expression using zebrafish, which express the tandemly-replicated opsins and .

Conditional deletion of CD25 in the corneal epithelium reveals sex differences in barrier disruption.

Purpose: IL-2 promotes activation, clonal expansion, and deletion of T cells. IL-2 signals through its heterotrimeric receptor (IL-2R) consisting of the CD25, CD122 and CD132 chains. CD25 knockout (KO) mice develop Sjögren Syndrome-like disease.

Novel Peptides with Dual Properties for Treating Keratitis: Antibacterial and Corneal Wound Healing.

The corneal epithelium is a layer in the anterior part of eye that contributes to light refraction onto the retina and to the ocular immune defense. Although an intact corneal epithelium is an excellent barrier against microbial pathogens and injuries, corneal abrasions can lead to devastating eye infections. Among them, -associated keratitis often results in severe deterioration of the corneal tissue and even blindness.

Corneal Surface Wave Propagation Associated with Intraocular Pressures: OCT Elastography Assessment in a Simplified Eye Model.

Assessing corneal biomechanics in vivo has long been a challenge in the field of ophthalmology. Despite recent advances in optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based elastography (OCE) methods, controversy remains regarding the effect of intraocular pressure (IOP) on mechanical wave propagation speed in the cornea. This could be attributed to the complexity of corneal biomechanics and the difficulties associated with conducting in vivo corneal shear-wave OCE measurements.

Characterization of extracellular matrix deposited by segmental trabecular meshwork cells.

Purpose: Biophysical and biochemical attributes of the extracellular matrix are major determinants of cell fate in homeostasis and disease. Ocular hypertension and glaucoma are diseases where the trabecular meshwork tissue responsible for aqueous humor egress becomes stiffer accompanied by changes in its matrisome in a segmental manner with regions of high or low flow. Prior studies demonstrate these alterations in the matrix are dynamic in response to age and pressure changes.

Foveal avascular zone size and mfERG metrics in diabetes and prediabetes: a pilot study of the relationship between structure and function.

Purpose: Previous studies have demonstrated functional and structural retinal changes in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, less is understood in prediabetes, which is an important precursor to T2DM. Here, we evaluate the microvasculature structure of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and how it is correlated with retinal function as measured by the multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) across levels of glucose dysfunction to uncover how T2DM and prediabetes alter this structure-function relationship.

Low-Dose 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops vs Placebo for Myopia Control: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Controlling myopia progression is of interest worldwide. Low-dose atropine eye drops have slowed progression in children in East Asia.

Objective: To compare atropine, 0.

The Role of Peripherin-2/ROM1 Complexes in Photoreceptor Outer Segment Disc Morphogenesis.

The light-sensitive outer segment organelle of photoreceptor cells contains a stack of hundreds of flat, disc-shaped membranes called discs. The rims of these discs contain a photoreceptor-specific tetraspanin protein peripherin-2 (also known as rds or PRPH2). Mutations in the PRPH2 gene lead to a wide variety of inherited retinal degenerations in humans.

Effects of head-down tilt on optic nerve sheath diameter in healthy subjects.

Purpose: Intracranial pressure increases in head-down tilt (HDT) body posture. This study evaluated the effect of HDT on the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in normal subjects.

Methods: Twenty six healthy adults (age 28 [4.

A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial of Base-in Relieving Prism Spectacle Treatment of Intermittent Exotropia.

Significance: This pilot randomized trial, the first to evaluate a specific base-in relieving prism treatment strategy for childhood intermittent exotropia, did not support proceeding to a full-scale clinical trial. Defining and measuring prism adaptation in children with intermittent exotropia are challenging and need further study.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether to proceed to a full-scale trial of relieving base-in prism spectacles versus refractive correction alone for children with intermittent exotropia.

Assessment of optical quality of ready-made reading spectacles for presbyopic correction.

Purpose: Many presbyopic patients in both developed and developing countries use ready-made reading spectacles for their near vision correction even though the quality of these spectacles cannot always be assured. This study assessed the optical quality of ready-made reading spectacles for presbyopic correction in comparison with relevant international standards.

Methods: A total of 105 ready-made reading spectacles with powers ranging from +1.

Accommodation in Children after 4.7 Years of Multifocal Contact Lens Wear in the BLINK Study Randomized Clinical Trial.

Significance: When worn for myopia control in children, soft multifocal contact lenses with a +2.50 D add reduced the accommodative response over a 3-year period, but wearing them for more than 4 years did not affect accommodative amplitudes, lag, or facility.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the accommodative response to a 3D stimulus between single-vision, +1.