The Conditions for Ethical Application of Restraints.

Despite the lack of evidence for the effectiveness of physical restraints, their use in patients is widespread. The best ethical justification for restraining patients is that it prevents them from harming themselves. We argue that even if the empirical evidence supported their effectiveness in achieving this aim, the use of restraints would nevertheless be unethical, so long as well-known exceptions to informed consent fail to apply.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: allograft versus autograft.

Purpose: This study was performed to compare the minimal 2-year outcome of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) allografts versus autografts, both augmented with an iliotibial band tenodesis.

Type Of Study: Retrospective review.

Methods: Forty-six of 52 BPTB ACL reconstructions using allografts and 33 of 37 BPTB ACL reconstructions using autografts were followed up at a mean of 2.

Posteromedial pivot shift of the knee: a new test for rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament. A demonstration in six patients and a study of anatomical specimens.

A new test--the posteromedial pivot-shift test--was used to demonstrate a rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee in six patients. An anatomical study of seventeen specimens showed that in order for the posteromedial pivot shift to occur, the posterior collateral ligament, the medial collateral ligament, and the posterior oblique ligament must be cut; if one of these three ligaments is intact, the subluxation will not occur.