Rearing laying hens: Early environmental complexity and genetic strain have life-long effects on keel bone size and fractures.

Keel bone damage (KBD) is a major welfare concern for laying hens. Environmental complexity during rearing is suggested to promote skeletal development and reduce KB fractures (KBF). We investigated the effect of rearing environment and genetic strain on KB development and health.

Transient Dose-dependent Effects of Ketamine on Neural Oscillatory Activity in Wistar-Kyoto Rats.

Ketamine is a promising therapeutic for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) but is associated with an array of short-term psychomimetic side-effects. These disparate drug effects may be elicited through the modulation of neural circuit activity. The purpose of this study was to therefore delineate dose- and time-dependent changes in ketamine-induced neural oscillatory patterns in regions of the brain implicated in depression.

Hormonal regulation of circuit function: sex, systems and depression.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating chronic illness that is two times more prevalent in women than in men. The mechanisms associated with the increased female susceptibility to depression remain poorly characterized. Aberrant neuronal oscillatory activity within the putative depression network is an emerging mechanism underlying MDD.

The role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in cocaine place preference and mu opioid receptor expression in the nucleus accumbens.

Rationale: There is evidence that central mu opioid receptors (MORs) are implicated in several aspects of cocaine addiction, and that MOR expression is elevated by cocaine in vitro and in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) when administered in vivo.

Objective: To understand the cellular mechanisms involved in regulating MOR expression, this study explored whether neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) modulates the neurochemical and behavioral effects of acute and repeated cocaine administration.

Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a single cocaine injection (20 mg/kg, i.

Activated release of bioactive aldehydes from their precursors embedded in electrospun poly(lactic acid) nonwovens.

Hexanal and benzaldehyde are naturally-occurring aroma compounds from plants with enzyme-inhibition and antimicrobial properties. Although useful for food preservation applications, the end-use of these compounds can be challenging due to their volatility and susceptibility to oxidative degradation. In this study, stable precursors for benzaldehyde and hexanal were synthetized reversible condensation reactions with ,'-dibenzylethane-1,2-diamine.

Mitochondrial pleomorphy in plant cells is driven by contiguous ER dynamics.

Mitochondria are pleomorphic, double membrane-bound organelles involved in cellular energetics in all eukaryotes. Mitochondria in animal and yeast cells are typically tubular-reticulate structures and several micro-meters long but in green plants they are predominantly observed as 0.2-1.