EPA/DHA but Not ALA Reduces Visceral Adiposity and Adipocyte Size in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Delta-6 Desaturase Knockout Mice.

The objective of this omega-3 feeding study was to elucidate the independent effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA) versus eicosapentaenoic (EPA)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on visceral adiposity and inflammatory signaling in diet-induced obese delta-6 desaturase (Fads2) knockout (KO) mice. Male wildtype (WT) and Fads2 KO mice were fed a high-fat diet (45% kcal from fat) containing either lard (no omega-3s), flaxseed (ALA), or menhaden (EPA/DHA) for 21 weeks. Epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) was analyzed for changes in tissue weight, adipocyte size, triacylglycerol (TAG) and fatty acid content, and inflammatory markers.

Comparative analyses of three grapevine Pinot gris virus cDNA clones reveal insights into the pathological properties of different phylogroups.

Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) is an emerging grapevine virus associated with grapevine leaf mottling and deformation (GLMD) disease. Being a recently identified virus, the molecular biology, pathological properties, and etiological complexity of GPGV remain poorly studied. Previous research revealed that GPGV comprises genetically different variants, some encoding a larger movement protein (MP) and others a shorter MP due to a C/T polymorphic site in ORF2 encoding MP.

Liquid-liquid phase separation in microorganisms: Insights into existence, functions, and applications.

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a universal mechanism essential for maintaining cellular integrity and function in microorganisms, facilitating the organization of biomolecules into dynamic compartments. Although extensively studied in mammalian cells, research on LLPS formation and regulation in microorganisms remains limited. This review integrates insights from diverse studies exploring LLPS across microorganisms.

Effects of lysine and methionine on mRNA expression of candidate transcription factors by primary bovine mammary epithelial cells.

It has been established that essential amino acids (EAA) regulate protein synthesis in mammary epithelial cells by rapidly altering the phosphorylation state of translation factors. However, the long-term transcriptional response to EAA supply has been investigated much less. Eight transcription factors were selected as candidate mediators of EAA effects on mammary cell function via the amino acid response (ATF4, ATF6), mitogen-activated protein kinase (JUN, FOS, EGR1), and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (MYC, HIF1A, SREBF1).

Integrated, Scaffolded, and Mandatory Community and Shelter Medicine Curriculum: Best Practices for Transformational Learning on Access to Veterinary Care.

Within veterinary medical education, there is increasing focus on equity and cultural competency/humility, especially within service learning in community and shelter medicine. This article reviews the current literature and draws from the experience of the Ontario Veterinary College Community Healthcare Partnership Program's development of a community and shelter medicine curriculum. We propose that to graduate veterinarians with the knowledge and skills to address inequities in access to veterinary care, a best practice is to integrate mandatory in-class and experiential learning activities, scaffolded across the curriculum.

Geographic Transitions of Domestic Cats in Urban Areas through Animal Adoption Centers and the Implications for Population Dynamics.

Animal shelters address animal welfare in communities through the intake and outcome of companion animals, but these efforts affect population dynamics of companion animals based on the distance animals are moved and the factors that underlie intake and outcome. Using data from an animal shelter in Washington, DC we analyzed cat intakes and outcomes based on geographic and socioeconomic factors. Most intakes were stray cats (59%) and cats relinquished by owners (38%) and most outcomes were adoptions (84%).

Understanding kitten fostering and socialisation practices using mixed methods.

Many companion kittens entering shelters are fostered by volunteer community members during the sensitive period for socialisation (~2 to 9 weeks of age) when early experiences are critical to behavioural development. Using a mixed-method survey, we explored current fostering practices relevant to kitten behavioural development and welfare. Foster caretaker participants (n = 487) described their fostering practices and reported providing kittens with a majority of recommended socialisation experiences, such as handling and exposure to various toys and exploratory items.

Soil pH modulates activity of low-affinity methane oxidation in soils from Amazon region.

Aims: In the Amazon region, pastures are the main land use subsequent to deforestation and this change can result in soil acidification and degradation. Liming is a management practice to increase soil pH, important to recover degraded lands and increase soil fertility, but its impacts on soil methane cycling in tropical soils is unknown. Here we investigate the role of soil pH on methane uptake under high concentrations of the gas, manipulating pasture and forest soils pH by liming and evaluating the active methane cycling microbial community.

Prenatal exposure to valproic acid induces sex-specific alterations in rat cortical and hippocampal neuronal structure and function in vitro.

There are substantial differences in the characteristics of males and females with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet there is little knowledge surrounding the mechanistic underpinnings of these differences. The valproic acid (VPA) rodent model is based upon the human fetal valproate spectrum disorder, which is associated with increased risk of developing ASD. This model, which displays significant social, learning, and memory alterations, has therefore been widely used to further our understanding of specific biological features of ASD.

Global Groundwater Carbon Mass Flux and the Myth of Atmospheric Weathering.

Our recent steady-state mass-balance modeling suggests that most global carbonic-acid weathering of silicate rocks occurs in the vadose zone of aquifer systems not on the surface by atmospheric CO. That is, the weathering solute flux is nearly equal to the total global continental riverine carbon flux, signifying little atmospheric weathering by carbonic acid. This finding challenges previous carbon models that utilize silicate weathering as a control of atmospheric CO levels.

Graying arts access: crafting creative online programming to promote older adults' artistic engagement in and beyond pandemic time.

Introduction: Declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, the COVID-19 virus and attendant patchwork of local, regional, and national government-initiated public health responses to it unexpectedly opened possibilities for greater access to culture for disabled and chronically ill people in ways that were unimagined in pre-pandemic times. During the "emergency" period of the pandemic, the fields of critical disability studies and aging studies independently demonstrated the importance and value of shifting to digital technologies for disabled people and older adults respectively; however, to date, little scholarship has considered the value of digital technologies for older adults aging with and into disabilities beyond pandemic time.

Methods: Informed by the theoretical insights of scholarship exploring critical access and the aging-disability nexus, this paper draws from empirical data collected during Phase 2 of Direct[Message]: Digital Access to Artistic Engagement, a collaborative, community-based, arts-informed research project based in Southwestern Ontario (Canada).

The role of olive oil and its constituents in mental health: a scoping review.

Mounting evidence suggests that the Mediterranean diet has a beneficial effect on mental health. It has been hypothesised that this effect is mediated by a variety of foods, nutrients and constituents; however, there is a need for research elucidating which of these components contribute to the therapeutic effect. This scoping review sought to systematically search for and synthesise the research on olive oil and its constituents and their impact on mental health, including the presence or absence of a mental illness or the severity or progression of symptoms.

Overcoming boundary conditions for object location memory destabilization in male rats involves dopamine D1 receptor activation.

Consolidated long-term memories can undergo strength or content modification via protein synthesis-dependent reconsolidation. This is the process by which a reminder cue initiates reactivation of the memory trace, triggering destabilization. Older and more strongly encoded spatial memories can resist destabilization due to biological boundary conditions.

Astrocyte neuronal metabolic coupling in the anterior cingulate cortex of mice with inflammatory pain.

Chronic pain is a major global concern, with at least 1 in 5 people suffering from chronic pain worldwide. Mounting evidence indicates that neuroplasticity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a critical step in the development of chronic pain. Previously, we found that chronic pain and fear learning are both associated with enhanced neuronal excitability and cause similar neuroplasticity-related gene expression changes in the ACC of male mice.

Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on neonatal calf diarrhea when administered at a disease alert generated by automated milk feeders.

The objective of this randomized clinical trial was to assess whether early intervention with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) following a disease alert generated by automated milk feeders could reduce diarrhea severity and improve performance in dairy calves. Seventy-one Holstein calves were enrolled on an automated milk feeder (recorded milk intake and drinking speed) at 3 d of age and received up to 15 L/d (150 g/L) of milk replacer until 35 d of age. An alert that was previously validated as diagnostically accurate to identify calves at risk for diarrhea was used using automated milk feeder data (≤60% rolling dividends in milk intake and/or drinking speed over 2 d).

Response to environmental enrichment of weanling pigs on growth, behaviour and welfare after weaning.

The experiment was carried out to examine the growth, behaviour, and welfare response of weaning pigs to environmental enrichment from d 1 to d 28 after weaning. A total of 240 weaning pigs with average initial body weight (BW) 6.56 ± 0.

Regulation and function of the gill corticotropin-releasing factor system during osmoregulatory disturbances in Atlantic salmon.

While corticosteroids, including cortisol, have conserved osmoregulatory functions, the relative involvement of other stress-related hormones in osmoregulatory processes remains unclear. To address this gap, we initially characterized the gill corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and then determined: 1) how it is influenced by osmotic disturbances; 2) whether it is affected by cortisol; and 3) which physiological processes it regulates in the gills. Most CRF system components were expressed in the gills with CRF receptor 2 (crfr2a), CRF binding protein (crfbp1 and crfbp2), and urocortin 2 (ucn2a) being the most abundant.

The effects of morning vs. evening high-intensity interval exercise on the magnitude of the morning blood pressure surge.

Blood pressure (BP) follows a circadian rhythm, dipping during sleep and surging in the morning. A larger morning BP surge is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Acute exercise can produce sustained periods of post-exercise hypotension that lasts up to 24 hrs, however the timing of exercise (morning vs.

Residual force enhancement is not altered while force depression is amplified at the cellular level in old age.

Residual force enhancement (rFE) and residual force depression (rFD) are history-dependent properties of muscle which refer to increased and decreased isometric force following a lengthening or shortening contraction, respectively. The history-dependence of force is greater in older than younger human adults when assessed at the joint level. However, it is unclear whether this amplification of the history-dependence of force in old age is owing to cellular mechanisms or a consequence of age-related remodeling of muscle architecture.

Exploring Hypoglycemic Ketoacidosis in Nondiabetic Patients on Tirzepatide: Is Starvation the Culprit?

BACKGROUND Tirzepatide is a long-acting glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist administered via subcutaneous injection for weight reduction and treating type 2 diabetes. CASE REPORT We report case series of hypoglycemic ketoacidosis after the use of tirzepatide to treat nondiabetic patients with obesity from Kuwait. The first case was a 29-year-old woman with a body mass index (BMI) of 32 kg/m² who developed abdominal pain and vomiting after increasing the dose to 5 mg subcutaneously in week 5 of treatment.

Selection of Honey Bee () Genotypes for Three Generations of Low and High Population Growth of the Mite .

Honey bee () population declines have been associated with the parasitic mite, , which is currently primarily controlled by the use of acaricides. An alternative is to breed for resistance to , which was conducted in this study by bidirectional selection for mite fall to obtain colonies with low (resistant) or high (susceptible) population growth (LVG and HVG, respectively). Selection for three generations resulted in approx.

A Pilot Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Synovitis in Horses.

Synovitis is present before and during osteoarthritis in horses and can result in performance-limiting lameness. Twenty-four horses with lameness localized to the metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal joint or a single joint of the carpus were enrolled in this study. We evaluated the response of intra-articular injection with 10 million activated (aMSC) or non-activated (naMSC) allogeneic equine umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs).