C286, an orally available retinoic acid receptor β agonist drug, regulates multiple pathways to achieve spinal cord injury repair.

Retinoic acid receptor β2 (RARβ2) is an emerging therapeutic target for spinal cord injuries (SCIs) with a unique multimodal regenerative effect. We have developed a first-in-class RARβ agonist drug, C286, that modulates neuron-glial pathways to induce functional recovery in a rodent model of sensory root avulsion. Here, using genome-wide and pathway enrichment analysis of avulsed rats' spinal cords, we show that C286 also influences the extracellular milieu (ECM).

Retinoids: Mechanisms of Action in Neuronal Cell Fate Acquisition.

Neuronal differentiation has been shown to be directed by retinoid action during embryo development and has been exploited in various in vitro cell differentiation systems. In this review, we summarize the role of retinoids through the activation of their specific retinoic acid nuclear receptors during embryo development and also in a variety of in vitro strategies for neuronal differentiation, including recent efforts in driving cell specialization towards a range of neuronal subtypes and glial cells. Finally, we highlight the role of retinoic acid in recent protocols recapitulating nervous tissue complexity (cerebral organoids).

Three-dimensional molecular cartography of human cerebral organoids revealed by double-barcoded spatial transcriptomics.

Spatially resolved transcriptomics is revolutionizing our understanding of complex tissues, but scaling these approaches to multiple tissue sections and three-dimensional tissue reconstruction remains challenging and cost prohibitive. In this work, we present a low-cost strategy for manufacturing molecularly double-barcoded DNA arrays, enabling large-scale spatially resolved transcriptomics studies. We applied this technique to spatially resolve gene expression in several human brain organoids, including the reconstruction of a three-dimensional view from multiple consecutive sections, revealing gene expression heterogeneity throughout the tissue.

Stability of some generalized fractional differential equations in the sense of Ulam-Hyers-Rassias.

In this paper, we investigate the existence and uniqueness of fractional differential equations (FDEs) by using the fixed-point theory (FPT). We discuss also the Ulam-Hyers-Rassias (UHR) stability of some generalized FDEs according to some classical mathematical techniques and the FPT. Finally, two illustrative examples are presented to show the validity of our results.

Synergistic activation of RARβ and RARγ nuclear receptors restores cell specialization during stem cell differentiation by hijacking RARα-controlled programs.

How cells respond to different external cues to develop along defined cell lineages to form complex tissues is a major question in systems biology. Here, we investigated the potential of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-selective synthetic agonists to activate the gene regulatory programs driving cell specialization during nervous tissue formation from embryonic carcinoma (P19) and mouse embryonic (E14) stem cells. Specifically, we found that the synergistic activation of the RARβ and RARγ by selective ligands (BMS641 or BMS961) induces cell maturation to specialized neuronal subtypes, and to astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursors.

Corrigendum: Genotypic Variation of Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Amino Acid Metabolism in Barley.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.

Genotypic Variation of Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Amino Acid Metabolism in Barley.

Owing to the large genetic diversity of barley and its resilience under harsh environments, this crop is of great value for agroecological transition and the need for reduction of nitrogen (N) fertilizers inputs. In the present work, we investigated the diversity of a North African barley genotype collection in terms of growth under limiting N (LN) or ample N (HN) supply and in terms of physiological traits including amino acid content in young seedlings. We identified a Moroccan variety, Laanaceur, accumulating five times more lysine in its leaves than the others under both N nutritional regimes.

Sex-related differences in accumulated O deficit incurred by high-intensity rowing exercise during childhood and adolescence.

Purpose: The aims of the present study were to determine during childhood and adolescence (i) the effect of sex on non-oxidative energy production, quantified by the accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD), and (ii) the influence of AOD on high-intensity performance.

Methods: Thirty-nine boys and 35 girls aged 10-17 years performed a 60 s all-out test on a rowing ergometer to determine AOD and mean power output (MPO). Multiplicative allometric modelling was used to assess the concurrent effects of lean body mass (LBM) and age on AOD.

The NANOTUMOR consortium - Towards the Tumor Cell Atlas.

Cancer is a multi-step disease where an initial tumour progresses through critical steps shaping, in most cases, life-threatening secondary foci called metastases. The oncogenic cascade involves genetic, epigenetic, signalling pathways, intracellular trafficking and/or metabolic alterations within cancer cells. In addition, pre-malignant and malignant cells orchestrate complex and dynamic interactions with non-malignant cells and acellular matricial components or secreted factors within the tumour microenvironment that is instrumental in the progression of the disease.

Importance of dimensional changes on glycolytic metabolism during growth.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate (i) how glycolytic metabolism assessed by accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) and blood metabolic responses (lactate and pH) resulting from high-intensity exercise change during growth, and (ii) how lean body mass (LBM) influences AOD and its relationship with blood markers.

Methods: Thirty-six 11- to 17-year olds performed a 60-s all-out test on a rowing ergometer. Allometric modelling was used to investigate the influence of LBM and LBM + maturity offset (MO) on AOD and its relationship with the extreme post-exercise blood values of lactate ([La]) and pH (pH) obtained during the recovery period.

Compression of The Sciatic Nerve May not Contribute to Ipsilateral Hyperalgesia Development in Ovariectomized Female Rats!

Objective: von Frey Filament (vFF) is an aesthesiometer to measure paw withdrawal thresholds. Our aim was to validate the manually von Frey test technique for assessing neuropathic pain behavioral signs in a sciatic nerve ligation model.

Materials And Methods: In this experimental study, peripheral neuropathic pain associated with sciatic nerve chronic ligation (SN-CL) was induced.

Rotation Estimation: A Closed-Form Solution Using Spherical Moments.

Photometric moments are global descriptors of an image that can be used to recover motion information. This paper uses spherical photometric moments for a closed form estimation of 3D rotations from images. Since the used descriptors are global and not of the geometrical kind, they allow to avoid image processing as features extraction, matching, and tracking.

Physical and chemical characterization of McIntyre Powder: An aluminum dust inhaled by miners to combat silicosis.

McIntyre Powder (MP) is a finely ground aluminum powder that was used between 1943 and 1979 as a prophylaxis for silicosis. Silicosis is a chronic lung disease caused by the inhalation of crystalline silica dust and was prevalent in the Canadian mining industry during this time period. The McIntyre Research Foundation developed, patented, and produced the MP and distributed it to licensees in Canada, the United States, Mexico, Chile, Belgian Congo, and Western Australia.

A Survey of Healthcare Monitoring Systems for Chronically Ill Patients and Elderly.

The demand of healthcare systems for chronically ill patients and elderly has increased in the last few years. This demand is derived by the necessity to allow patients and elderly to be independent in their homes without the help of their relatives or caregivers. The prosperity of the information technology plays an essential role in healthcare by providing continuous monitoring and alerting mechanisms.

Modeling gene-regulatory networks to describe cell fate transitions and predict master regulators.

Complex organisms originate from and are maintained by the information encoded in the genome. A major challenge of systems biology is to develop algorithms that describe the dynamic regulation of genome functions from large omics datasets. Here, we describe TETRAMER, which reconstructs gene-regulatory networks from temporal transcriptome data during cell fate transitions to predict "master" regulators by simulating cascades of temporal transcription-regulatory events.

Fault Detection and Isolation via the Interacting Multiple Model Approach Applied to Drive-By-Wire Vehicles.

The place of driving assistance systems is currently increasing drastically for road vehicles. Paving the road to the fully autonomous vehicle, the drive-by-wire technology could improve the potential of the vehicle control. The implementation of these new embedded systems is still limited, mainly for reliability reasons, thus requiring the development of diagnostic mechanisms.

Modify the Histone to Win the Battle: Chromatin Dynamics in Plant-Pathogen Interactions.

Relying on an immune system comes with a high energetic cost for plants. Defense responses in these organisms are therefore highly regulated and fine-tuned, permitting them to respond pertinently to the attack of a microbial pathogen. In recent years, the importance of the physical modification of chromatin, a highly organized structure composed of genomic DNA and its interacting proteins, has become evident in the research field of plant-pathogen interactions.

A dataset of small molecules triggering transcriptional and translational cellular responses.

The aim of this dataset is to identify and collect compounds that are known for being detectable by a living cell, through the action of a genetically encoded biosensor and is centred on bacterial transcription factors. Such a dataset should open the possibility to consider a wide range of applications in synthetic biology. The reader will find in this dataset the name of the compounds, their InChI (molecular structure), the publication where the detection was reported, the organism in which this was detected or engineered, the type of detection and experiment that was performed as well as the name of the biosensor.

Nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics and human liver diseases: The principles and evidence associated with protein and carbohydrate metabolism.

During the last decade, metabolomics has become widely used in the field of human diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated that this is a powerful technique for improving the understanding, diagnosis and management of various types of liver disease, such as acute and chronic liver diseases, and liver transplantation. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the two most commonly applied methods for metabolomics.

Cytokine and cellular responses to human herpesvirus-6B in patients with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Primary infection with human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), is followed by its lifelong persistence in the host. Most T-cell responses to HHV-6 have been characterized using peripheral blood from healthy adults; however, the role of HHV-6 infection in immune modulation has not been elucidated for some diseases. Therefore, in this study the immune response to HHV-6 infection in patients with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) was analyzed.

No evidence for TSLP pathway activity in human breast cancer.

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial cell-derived cytokine that primes dendritic cells for Th2 induction. It has been implicated in different types of allergic diseases. Recent work suggested that TSLP could play an important role in the tumor microenvironment and influence tumor progression, in particular in breast cancer.

Semisupervised Gaussian Process for Automated Enzyme Search.

Synthetic biology is today harnessing the design of novel and greener biosynthesis routes for the production of added-value chemicals and natural products. The design of novel pathways often requires a detailed selection of enzyme sequences to import into the chassis at each of the reaction steps. To address such design requirements in an automated way, we present here a tool for exploring the space of enzymatic reactions.

Various checkpoints prevent the synthesis of Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan hydrolase LytM in the stationary growth phase.

In Staphylococcus aureus, peptidoglycan metabolism plays a role in the host inflammatory response and pathogenesis. Transcription of the peptidoglycan hydrolases is activated by the essential 2-component system WalKR at low cell density. During stationary growth phase, WalKR is not active and transcription of the peptidoglycan hydrolase genes is repressed.

Correction: Base pairing involving artificial bases and .

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/C5SC03474D.].