Defining measures of emergency care access in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review.

Background: Over 50% of annual deaths in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) could be averted through access to high-quality emergency care.

Objectives: We performed a scoping review of the literature that described at least one measure of emergency care access in LMICs in order to understand relevant barriers to emergency care systems.

Eligibility Criteria: English language studies published between 1 January 1990 and 30 December 2020, with one or more discrete measure(s) of access to emergency health services in LMICs described.

Plasma inflammation for predicting phenotypic conversion and clinical progression of autosomal dominant frontotemporal lobar degeneration.

Background: Measuring systemic inflammatory markers may improve clinical prognosis and help identify targetable pathways for treatment in patients with autosomal dominant forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD).

Methods: We measured plasma concentrations of IL-6, TNFα and YKL-40 in pathogenic variant carriers () and non-carrier family members enrolled in the ARTFL-LEFFTDS Longitudinal Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration consortium. We evaluated associations between baseline plasma inflammation and rate of clinical and neuroimaging changes (linear mixed effects models with standardised (z) outcomes).

Immune response evolution in peanut epicutaneous immunotherapy for peanut-allergic children.

Background: Epicutaneous immunotherapy with investigational Viaskin™ Peanut 250 μg (DBV712) has demonstrated statistically superior desensitization versus placebo in peanut-allergic children in clinical trials. It is unclear whether serologic biomarkers predict response.

Methods: Serum-specific IgG4 and IgE (whole peanut and components) from subjects enrolled in the phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Viaskin Peanut in Children With IgE-Mediated Peanut Allergy study were examined by exploratory univariate and multivariate analyses to determine trajectories and predictors of treatment response, based upon peanut protein eliciting dose (ED) at Month (M) 12 double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge.

Adoption of A-Z Junctions in RNAs by Binding of Zα Domains.

While DNA and RNA helices often adopt the canonical B- or A-conformation, the fluid conformational landscape of nucleic acids allows for many higher energy states to be sampled. One such state is the Z-conformation of nucleic acids, which is unique in that it is left-handed and has a "zigzag" backbone. The Z-conformation is recognized and stabilized by Z-DNA/RNA binding domains called Zα domains.

Differential Structural Features of Two Mutant ADAR1p150 Zα Domains Associated with Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome.

The Zα domain of ADARp150 is critical for proper Z-RNA substrate binding and is a key factor in the type-I interferon response pathway. Two point-mutations in this domain (N173S and P193A), which cause neurodegenerative disorders, are linked to decreased A-to-I editing in disease models. To understand this phenomenon at the molecular level, we biophysically and structurally characterized these two mutated domains, revealing that they bind Z-RNA with a decreased affinity.

Anti-fibrotic effect of tocotrienols for bladder dysfunction due to partial bladder outlet obstruction.

Purpose: To investigate potential beneficial effects of tocotrienols which have been suggested to inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, on partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO)-induced bladder pathology.

Materials And Methods: PBOO was surgically created in juvenile male mice. Sham-operated mice were used as controls.

Outcomes reported in randomized controlled trials for mixed and non-IgE-mediated food allergy: Systematic review.

Background: Mixed and non-IgE-mediated food allergy is a subset of immune-mediated adverse food reactions that can impose a major burden on the quality of life of affected patients and their families. Clinical trials to study these diseases are reliant upon consistent and valid outcome measures that are relevant to both patients and clinicians, but the degree to which such stringent outcome reporting takes place is poorly studied.

Objective: As part of the Core Outcome Measures for Food Allergy (COMFA) project, we identified outcomes reported in randomized clinical trials (RCT) of treatments for mixed or non-IgE-mediated food allergy.

Individualized Treatment Effects of Bougie versus Stylet for Tracheal Intubation in Critical Illness.

A recent randomized trial found that using a bougie did not increase the incidence of successful intubation on first attempt in critically ill adults. The average effect of treatment in a trial population, however, may differ from effects for individuals. We hypothesized that application of a machine learning model to data from a clinical trial could estimate the effect of treatment (bougie vs.

Prevention of food allergy in infancy: the role of maternal interventions and exposures during pregnancy and lactation.

There is increased focus on the role of maternal interventions in the prevention of food allergy in infancy. There is no role for maternal dietary modifications during pregnancy or lactation, such as allergen avoidance, as a means of infant allergy prevention. Although exclusive breastfeeding is the recommended infant nutrition source globally, the effect of breastfeeding on infant allergy prevention remains unclear.

Cognitive function following diabetic ketoacidosis in young children with type 1 diabetes.

Introduction: Young children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) may be at particularly high risk of cognitive decline following diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). However, studies of cognitive functioning in T1D typically examine school-age children. The goal of this study was to examine whether a single experience of DKA is associated with lower cognitive functioning in young children.

Total Neoadjuvant Therapy in Rectal Cancer: Multi-center Comparison of Induction Chemotherapy and Long-Course Chemoradiation Versus Short-Course Radiation and Consolidative Chemotherapy.

Background: Total neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer may include induction chemotherapy and chemoradiation or short-course radiotherapy and consolidative chemotherapy.

Methods: Patients with clinical stage 2 or 3 rectal cancer who received induction chemotherapy followed by long-course chemoradiation at the University of Colorado (2016-2020) or short-course radiotherapy followed by consolidative chemotherapy at Washington University (2017-2020) were assessed.

Results: Eighty-four patients received induction chemotherapy and chemoradiation and 83 received short-course radiotherapy and consolidative chemotherapy.

Meniscal and Articular Cartilage Predictors of Outcome After Revision ACL Reconstruction: A 6-Year Follow-up Cohort Study.

Background: Meniscal and chondral damage is common in the patient undergoing revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Purpose: To determine if meniscal and/or articular cartilage pathology at the time of revision ACL surgery significantly influences a patient's outcome at 6-year follow-up.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Structure and IgE Cross-Reactivity among Cashew, Pistachio, Walnut, and Peanut Vicilin-Buried Peptides.

Peanut and tree-nut allergies are frequently comorbid for reasons not completely understood. Vicilin-buried peptides (VBPs) are an emerging family of food allergens whose conserved structural fold could mediate peanut/tree-nut co-allergy. Peptide microarrays were used to identify immunoglobulin E (IgE) epitopes from the N-terminus of the vicilin allergens Ara h 1, Ana o 1, Jug r 2, and Pis v 3 using serum from three patient diagnosis groups: monoallergic to either peanuts or cashew/pistachio, or dual allergic.

DirEct versus VIdeo LaryngosCopE (DEVICE): protocol and statistical analysis plan for a randomised clinical trial in critically ill adults undergoing emergency tracheal intubation.

Introduction: Among critically ill patients undergoing orotracheal intubation in the emergency department (ED) or intensive care unit (ICU), failure to visualise the vocal cords and intubate the trachea on the first attempt is associated with an increased risk of complications. Two types of laryngoscopes are commonly available: direct laryngoscopes and video laryngoscopes. For critically ill adults undergoing emergency tracheal intubation, it remains uncertain whether the use of a video laryngoscope increases the incidence of successful intubation on the first attempt compared with the use of a direct laryngoscope.

Relationships among biochemical measures in children with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Objectives: Investigating empirical relationships among laboratory measures in children with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) can provide insights into physiological alterations occurring during DKA. We determined whether alterations in laboratory measures during DKA conform to theoretical predictions.

Methods: We used Pearson correlation statistics and linear regression to investigate correlations between blood glucose, electrolytes, pH and PCO at emergency department presentation in 1,681 pediatric DKA episodes.

[The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviewsDeclaración PRISMA 2020: una guía actualizada para la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas].

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies.

Z-RNA biology: a central role in the innate immune response?

Z-RNA is a higher-energy, left-handed conformation of RNA, whose function has remained elusive. A growing body of work alludes to regulatory roles for Z-RNA in the immune response. Here, we review how Z-RNA features present in cellular RNAs-especially containing retroelements-could be recognized by a family of winged helix proteins, with an impact on host defense.

Bilateral choroidal effusions and angle closure in the setting of systemic capillary leak syndrome from HLA-directed vaccine and pembrolizumab therapy for squamous cell carcinoma.

Purpose: Immunotherapy has become an important addition to oncology treatment plans in recent years. As these therapies become more widely employed, many unique side effects have been reported. In ophthalmology the most well-documented side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) include uveitis, macular edema and dry eye syndrome.

Maternal adverse childhood experiences and infant subcortical brain volume.

Background: A large body of research supports the deleterious effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on disease susceptibility and health for both the exposed individual and the next generation. It is likely that there is an intergenerational transmission of risk from mother to child; however, the mechanisms through which such risk is conferred remain unknown. The current study evaluated the association between maternal ACEs, neonatal brain development of the amygdala and hippocampus, and later infant negative emotionality at six months of age.