Psychiatric disorders as risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an umbrella review protocol.

Introduction: Numerous longitudinal studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses have examined psychiatric disorders as risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A more comprehensive overview of the area is warranted to summarise current evidence and discuss strengths and weaknesses to guide future research.

Aim: The aim of this umbrella review is to determine whether and to what extent different psychiatric disorders are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire - Child (SPQ-C): Psychometric properties and relations to behavioral problems with multi-informant ratings.

The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) is one of the most widely used screening tools for schizotypy in adults. The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Child version (SPQ-C) was recently developed to assess schizotypy in children and has a similar three-factor structure to the adult SPQ (i.e.

The Unfolded State of the C-Terminal Domain of L9 Expands at Low but Not at Elevated Temperatures.

The temperature dependence of the overall dimensions of the denatured state ensemble (DSE) of proteins remains unclear. Some studies indicate compaction of the DSE at high temperatures, whereas others argue that dimensions do not decrease. The degree of compaction or expansion in the cold-denatured state has been less studied.

Asymmetry of Hippocampus and Amygdala Defect in Subjective Cognitive Decline Among the Community Dwelling Chinese.

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may be the first clinical sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). SCD individuals with normal cognition may already have significant medial temporal lobe atrophy. However, few studies have been devoted to exploring the alteration of left-right asymmetry with hippocampus and amygdala in SCD.

Comparing and Contrasting A Priori and A Posteriori Generalizability Assessment of Clinical Trials on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Clinical trials are indispensable tools for evidence-based medicine. However, they are often criticized for poor generalizability. Traditional trial generalizability assessment can only be done after the trial results are published, which compares the enrolled patients with a convenience sample of real-world patients.

Enhanced spin pumping into superconductors provides evidence for superconducting pure spin currents.

Unlike conventional spin-singlet Cooper pairs, spin-triplet pairs can carry spin. Triplet supercurrents were discovered in Josephson junctions with metallic ferromagnet spacers, where spin transport can occur only within the ferromagnet and in conjunction with a charge current. Ferromagnetic resonance injects a pure spin current from a precessing ferromagnet into adjacent non-magnetic materials.

Clonality, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli from Mirzapur, Bangladesh.

Purpose: This study investigates the virulence and antimicrobial resistance in association with common clonal complexes (CCs) of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) isolated from Bangladesh. The aim was to determine whether specific CCs were more likely to be associated with putative virulence genes and/or antimicrobial resistance.

Methodology: The presence of 15 virulence genes (by PCR) and susceptibility to 18 antibiotics were determined for 151 EAEC isolated from cases and controls during an intestinal infectious disease study carried out between 2007-2011 in the rural setting of Mirzapur, Bangladesh (Kotloff KL, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Nataro JP, Farag TH et al.

Imaging vulnerable plaques by targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis using fluorescent-labeled dual-ligand microparticles of iron oxide and magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective: Identification of patients with high-risk asymptomatic carotid plaques remains an elusive but essential step in stroke prevention. Inflammation is a key process in plaque destabilization and a prelude to clinical sequelae. There are currently no clinical imaging tools to assess the inflammatory activity within plaques.

Distinct mechanisms of Up state maintenance in the medial entorhinal cortex and neocortex.

The medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) is a key structure which controls the communication between the hippocampus and the neocortex. During slow-wave sleep, it stands out from other cortical regions by exhibiting persistent activity that outlasts neocortical Up states, decoupling the entorhinal cortex-hippocampal interaction from the neocortex. Here, we compared the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of the Up state in the barrel cortex (BC) and mEC using whole cell recordings in acute mouse brain slices.

When information does not suffice: young people living with HIV and communication about ART adherence in the clinic.

Despite mounting evidence recommending disclosure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status to young people with perinatally acquired HIV as a central motivating factor for adherence to antiretroviral therapy, many young people continue to experience disclosure as a partial event, rather than a process. Drawing from two longitudinal, interview-based qualitative studies with young people living with HIV (aged 10-24) in five different countries in low and high income settings, we present data regarding disclosure and information about HIV in the clinic. The article highlights the limits of discussions framing disclosure and patient literacy, and young people's reluctance to voice their adherence difficulties in the context of their relationships with clinical care teams.

Exploratory Cohort Study of Associations between Serum C - Reactive Protein and Fatigue after Stroke.

Background And Aim: Post-stroke fatigue is a common and distressing problem but little is known about its biological mechanisms. This cohort study was to investigate associations between C-reactive protein (CRP) and fatigue after stroke.

Methods: Patients were assessed at one, six and 12 months after their stroke onset, with the Fatigue Assessment Scale, a case definition of post-stroke fatigue, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and daily step counts.

2014 Update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1.

This July 2014 edition of the IAS-USA drug resistance mutations list updates the figures last published in March 2013. The following mutations have been added to existing classes or drugs: K65E/N has been added to the bars for the nucleoside and nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nRTIs) abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, stavudine, and tenofovir; L100I has been added to the bar for the nonnucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) rilpivirine; and F121Y has been added to the bars for the integrase strand transfer inhibitors (InSTIs) dolutegravir, elvitegravir, and raltegravir. With regard to protease inhibitors (PIs), it cannot be excluded that drug resistance may be selected for outside the protease encoding region.

A systematic review of psychological functioning of children exposed to HIV: using evidence to plan for tomorrow's HIV needs.

Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV can virtually eliminate paediatric HIV infection. Studies are needed to understand child development outcomes for children exposed to HIV in utero but born HIV negative (HIV affected children). This systematic review examined cognitive, developmental and behavioural outcomes for HIV affected children compared to control unexposed and uninfected children.

Efficient "communication through coherence" requires oscillations structured to minimize interference between signals.

The 'communication through coherence' (CTC) hypothesis proposes that selective communication among neural networks is achieved by coherence between firing rate oscillation in a sending region and gain modulation in a receiving region. Although this hypothesis has stimulated extensive work, it remains unclear whether the mechanism can in principle allow reliable and selective information transfer. Here we use a simple mathematical model to investigate how accurately coherent gain modulation can filter a population-coded target signal from task-irrelevant distracting inputs.

Differences between research ethics committees.

Objectives: To examine differences in the ethical judgments made by Research Ethics Committees (RECs) or Institutional Review Boards (IRBs).

Methods: We did a review of the literature and included any study that attempted to compare the ethical judgments made by different RECs or IRBs when reviewing one or more protocol.

Results: There were twenty-six articles reporting such discrepancies across Europe, within the United Kingdom, Spain, and United States.

Type IV gypsum compatibility with five addition-reaction silicone impression materials.

Statement Of Problem: The compatibility of current addition-reaction silicone impression materials and Type IV gypsum products is not completely understood.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare surface detail reproduction between various combinations of contemporary addition-reaction silicone impression materials and Type IV gypsum products.

Material And Methods: Under standardized conditions, 300 impressions were made of a ruled stainless steel die (ADA specification 19), using 5 addition-reaction silicones (Examix-NDS, Doric-ES Flo-Light, Panasil Contact Plus, Extrude Wash, and President Plus Jet).

Understanding the aetiology of childhood obesity: implications for treatment.

Childhood obesity poses one of the greatest challenges to paediatric health in the 21st century. Developing effective strategies for treatment and prevention is therefore a priority for clinical medicine and public health. This process is taking place at a time of unprecedented change in the understanding of the role of genetic factors in human health and disease, and genetic research into obesity has challenged assumptions about causal processes.

Innate immune defence in the human gastrointestinal tract.

The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract represents a major entry point and ecological niche for many microbes. It forms an important immune barrier, absorbing nutrients, whilst preventing invasion by organisms. Of the extra-ordinarily diverse species that comprise the microbial world, relatively few organisms are able to succeed in breaching this barrier in an otherwise healthy host.

How neighborhoods and physical functioning are related: the roles of neighborhood socioeconomic status, perceived neighborhood strain, and individual health risk factors.

Background: Increasing attention is being paid to the impact of neighborhood residence on individual health status.

Purpose: This study examined pathways through which low neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and associated subjective neighborhood characteristics may be associated with self-reported physical functioning.

Methods: A sample of 658 adults responded to a questionnaire survey sent to residents of lower and higher SES neighborhoods.

Molecular biology of gastric MALT lymphoma: application in clinical management.

The development of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma depends critically on Helicobacter pylori infection. The bacterial infection stimulates the lymphoma B-cells through both direct (auto-antigen) and indirect (H. pylori specific intra-tumour T-cells) immunological stimulation.

Kinetics and Gbetagamma modulation of Ca(v)2.2 channels with different auxiliary beta subunits.

Modulation of calcium channels by both auxiliary subunits and G proteins was studied in cell-attached patches from COS-7 cells transfected with Ca(v)2.2 channel subunits (N-type, alpha(1)B and either beta(1b) or beta(2a)). These were co-expressed with either Gbeta(1)gamma(2) or the Gbetagamma-binding domain of beta-adrenergic-receptor kinase-1 to sequester endogenous Gbetagamma.