Protoconch enlargement in Western Atlantic turritelline gastropod species following the closure of the Central American Seaway.

The closure of the late Neogene interoceanic seaways between the Western Atlantic (WA) and Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP)-commonly referred to as the Central American Seaway-significantly decreased nutrient supply in the WA compared to the TEP. In marine invertebrates, an increase in parental investment is expected to be selectively favored in nutrient-poor marine environments as prolonged feeding in the plankton becomes less reliable. Here, we examine turritelline gastropods, which were abundant and diverse across this region during the Neogene and serve as important paleoenvironmental proxies, and test whether species exhibit decreased planktotrophy in the WA postclosure as compared to preclosure fossils and extant TEP species.

Population structure, genetic connectivity, and adaptation in the Olympia oyster () along the west coast of North America.

Effective management of threatened and exploited species requires an understanding of both the genetic connectivity among populations and local adaptation. The Olympia oyster (), patchily distributed from Baja California to the central coast of Canada, has a long history of population declines due to anthropogenic stressors. For such coastal marine species, population structure could follow a continuous isolation-by-distance model, contain regional blocks of genetic similarity separated by barriers to gene flow, or be consistent with a null model of no population structure.

Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Picture May Be Worth a Thousand Words, But Do We Need More?

See Article Okasha et al.

Guide Field Reconnection: Exhaust Structure and Heating.

Magnetospheric Multiscale observations are used to probe the structure and temperature profile of a guide field reconnection exhaust ~100 ion inertial lengths downstream from the X-line in the Earth's magnetosheath. Asymmetric Hall electric and magnetic field signatures were detected, together with a density cavity confined near 1 edge of the exhaust and containing electron flow toward the X-line. Electron holes were also detected both on the cavity edge and at the Hall magnetic field reversal.

Anti-leukemic and anti-angiogenic effects of d-Limonene on K562-implanted C57BL/6 mice and the chick chorioallantoic membrane model.

Background: d-Limonene, a monoterpene from citrus fruit has been found to have chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities in various types of cancers. In this study, we evaluated the in vivo effect of d-Limonene on a K562-induced model of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in C57BL/6 mice.

Method: The tail vein injection model of K562 cells in immunocompromised C57BL/6 mice was developed and evaluated for characteristics of the disease.

Dung-associated arthropods influence foraging ecology and habitat selection in Black-necked Cranes () on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Variation in grassland vegetation structure influences the habitat selection of insectivorous birds. This variation presents a trade-off for insectivorous predators: Arthropod abundance increases with vegetation height and heterogeneity, but access to arthropod prey items decreases. In contrast, grazing by large herbivores reduces and homogenizes vegetation, decreasing total arthropod abundance and diversity.

Faculty Assessment of Emergency Medicine Resident Grit: A Multicenter Study.

Background: Assessment of trainees' competency is challenging; the predictive power of traditional evaluations is debatable especially in regard to noncognitive traits. New assessments need to be sought to better understand affective areas like personality. Grit, defined as "perseverance and passion for long-term goals," can assess aspects of personality.

Racial Differences in the Effect of Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor on Improved Walking Distance in Peripheral Artery Disease: The PROPEL Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background The effects of race on response to medical therapy in people with peripheral artery disease ( PAD ) are unknown. Methods and Results In the PROPEL (Progenitor Cell Release Plus Exercise to Improve Functional Performance in PAD) Trial, PAD participants were randomized to 1 of 4 groups for 6 months: supervised treadmill exercise+granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( GM - CSF ) (Group 1), exercise+placebo (Group 2), attention control+ GM - CSF (Group 3), or attention control+placebo (Group 4). Change in 6-minute walk distance was measured at 12- and 26-week follow-up.

Familial resemblance in gross motor coordination. The Peruvian Sibling Study on Growth and Health.

Background: The development of gross motor coordination (GMC) is governed by biological and environmental factors whose effect sizes are still unclear.

Aim: To investigate sibling resemblance in GMC, as well as biological and environmental correlates of GMC among Peruvian children.

Materials And Methods: The sample comprised 1256 biological siblings (6-15 years old), from three geographical areas of Peru.

Parental habituation to human disturbance over time reduces fear of humans in coyote offspring.

A fundamental tenet of maternal effects assumes that maternal variance over time should have discordant consequences for offspring traits across litters. Yet, seldom are parents observed across multiple reproductive bouts, with few studies considering anthropogenic disturbances as an ecological driver of maternal effects. We observed captive coyote () pairs over two successive litters to determine whether among-litter differences in behavior (i.

White Paper-Geriatric Emergency Medicine Education: Current State, Challenges, and Recommendations to Enhance the Emergency Care of Older Adults.

Older adults account for 25% of all emergency department (ED) patient encounters. One in five Americans will be 65 or older by 2030. In response to this need, geriatric emergency medicine (GEM) has developed into a robust area of academic and clinical interest, with extensive evidence-based research and guidelines, including clear undergraduate and postgraduate GEM competencies.

Are Emergency Medicine Residents Prepared to Meet the Ethical Challenges of Clinical Practice? Findings from an Exploratory National Survey.

Background: Although the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the American Board of Emergency Medicine require clinical ethics education in residency training, instruction varies widely. We assessed the educational preparedness of trainees in emergency medicine to address ethics challenges common to their field.

Methods: The survey assessed two outcomes: 1) knowledge of specific ethical challenges and 2) perceived educational preparedness, across five ethics areas: 1) informed consent and decisional-capacity assessment, 2) surrogate decision making, 3) interpretation of advanced directives, 4) withdrawing and/or withholding life support, and 5) presumed consent for emergency treatment.

Effectiveness of Subcutaneously Administered Leuprolide Acetate to Achieve Low Nadir Testosterone in Prostate Cancer Patients.

Evidence suggests lower nadir testosterone levels during the first year of androgen deprivation therapy improve advanced prostate cancer clinical outcomes. We evaluated pivotal trials for subcutaneously administered leuprolide acetate (1-, 3-, 4-, and 6-month doses) to determine nadir testosterone levels. Pooled analysis showed 99%, 97%, and 91% of patients reached nadir testosterone ≤20, ≤10, and ≤5 ng/dL respectively (median ≤3 ng/dL).

Energy demand and the context-dependent effects of genetic interactions underlying metabolism.

Genetic effects are often context dependent, with the same genotype differentially affecting phenotypes across environments, life stages, and sexes. We used an environmental manipulation designed to increase energy demand during development to investigate energy demand as a general physiological explanation for context-dependent effects of mutations, particularly for those mutations that affect metabolism. We found that increasing the photoperiod during which larvae are active during development phenocopies a temperature-dependent developmental delay in a mitochondrial-nuclear genotype with disrupted metabolism.