Early life adversity affecting the attachment bond alters ventral tegmental area transcriptomic patterning and behavior almost exclusively in female mice.

Early life experiences that affect the attachment bond formation can alter developmental trajectories and result in pathological outcomes in a sex-related manner. However, the molecular basis of sex differences is quite unknown. The dopaminergic system originating from the ventral tegmental area has been proposed to be a key mediator of this process.

The Anterior Insular Cortex→Central Amygdala Glutamatergic Pathway Is Critical to Relapse after Contingency Management.

Despite decades of research on neurobiological mechanisms of psychostimulant addiction, the only effective treatment for many addicts is contingency management, a behavioral treatment that uses alternative non-drug reward to maintain abstinence. However, when contingency management is discontinued, most addicts relapse to drug use. The brain mechanisms underlying relapse after cessation of contingency management are largely unknown, and, until recently, an animal model of this human condition did not exist.

Effect of novel 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-acylpyrazolones on iron chelation and Fenton reaction.

Iron is an essential element in many physiological processes due to its ability to easily convert between two oxidation states Fe(III)/Fe(II). However, at a pathological state, unbound iron may promote the production of highly toxic hydroxyl radicals via Fenton reaction, particularly when it is present in the excess.Iron chelators forming tight complexes with iron may prevent this reaction.