1H NMR approach to observe tissue oxygenation with the signals of myoglobin.

The myoglobin technique measures oxygen tension in myocytes. It relies on a quantitative measurement of the Val E11 and His F8 signals and an accurate value for the [O2]50 for Mb. Even though the Mb oxygen affinity in the cell is in question, the NMR results still reflect the degree of Mb oxygen saturation.

A step section method for full histopathological assessment of carcinogen-affected target tissue during respiratory carcinogenesis.

Studies of carcinogenesis that are not limited to overt neoplasms but also involve evaluations of preneoplastic stages require histopathological assessment of the entire carcinogen-affected tissue so that the true nature and sequence of the progressive process can be determined. The customary serial sectioning approach achieves this goal, but at an inordinate logistic cost. In studies of hamster bronchial carcinogenesis, a step section method was compared to a quasi-random approach and to the customary serial section method.

Effects of sex, age, puncture site, and blood contamination on the clinical chemistry of cerebrospinal fluid in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Paired CSF and serum samples were obtained from 109 rhesus macaques aged 1 to 18 years. The CSF and serum IgG and albumin concentrations were determined, using radial immunodiffusion; CSF total protein and glucose were determined, using colorimetric methods; and Na, K, and Cl concentrations were determined, using ion-specific electrodes. The CSF protein values were lower than those reported for non-human primates, and this finding was confirmed by results of agar gel electrophoresis.

Effect of maternal diabetes and dietary copper on fetal development in rats.

To test whether diabetes associated alterations in copper metabolism contribute to diabetes-induced teratogenicity in rats, pregnancy outcome was compared between diabetic and nondiabetic rats fed either a copper adequate (12 micrograms/g diet) or low copper diet (1 microgram/g diet). The dietary regimen was begun two weeks prior to mating and continued throughout pregnancy. To facilitate the reduction of maternal copper stores in the low copper groups, the low copper diet was supplemented with a copper chelator, triethylenetetraamine, at 1% for one week; the chelator was removed from the diet one week prior to mating.

Centrilobular distribution of acetaldehyde and collagen in the ethanol-fed micropig.

We established a new animal model of alcoholic liver disease in the micropig, a species that consumes ethanol voluntarily in the diet. Ten micropigs were pair-fed diets containing 40% of calories as ethanol or cornstarch with identical amounts of fat, protein and micronutrients for 12 mo. Liver histopathology in the ethanol-fed pigs included steatonecrosis in all five and interstitial and perivenous fibrosis in three.

Measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide and functional residual capacity during rebreathing in conscious thoroughbreds.

A rebreathing method for measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and functional residual capacity (FRC) was evaluated in conscious horses. Horses were manually ventilated through an endotracheal tube, using a custom-made syringe filled with a gas mixture containing 18-carbon monoxide (18CO) and helium (He). The 18CO and He concentrations were continuously monitored by use of a mass spectrometer connected to the rebreathing circuit.

Modulation of bronchial responsiveness in horses by phenylbutazone and furosemide.

Effects of phenylbutazone (PBZ) and furosemide (FUR) on the respiratory tract of horses were evaluated, focusing on bronchial responsiveness. Four healthy Thoroughbreds were used and data were analyzed by use of a Latin square design. Histamine provocation tests (0.

Characterization of the cellulose-binding domain of the Clostridium cellulovorans cellulose-binding protein A.

Cellulose-binding protein A (CbpA), a component of the cellulase complex of Clostridium cellulovorans, contains a unique sequence which has been demonstrated to be a cellulose-binding domain (CBD). The DNA coding for this putative CBD was subcloned into pET-8c, an Escherichia coli expression vector. The protein produced under the direction of the recombinant plasmid, pET-CBD, had a high affinity for crystalline cellulose.

The effect of organophosphates on a chicken brain or sea urchin egg kinesin-driven microtubule motility assay.

The effect of neuropathic and non-neuropathic organophosphates (OPs) and acrylamide on an in vitro kinesin-driven microtubule (MT) motility assay was compared. The goal of the study was to determine whether this in vitro assay could confirm that a mechanism of action of neuropathic OPs was to impair kinesin activity and, therefore, possibly fast axonal anterograde transport (FAAT) in vivo. For our study, kinesin from chicken brain (CK) and sea urchin egg (SUK) was initially purified.

Hepatic cellular distribution of cytochrome P-450 IA1 in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): an immunohisto- and cytochemical study.

Monoclonal antibody 1-12-3 reactive against scup (Stenotomus chrysops) cytochrome P450 E (a teleost CYP IA1) has been used to immunohistochemically localize CYP IA1 within hepatocytes and presumably sinusoidal endothelial and biliary epithelial cells of scup and trout. The goal of the present study was to extend immunohistochemical studies to the ultrastructural level determining intracellular locations of CYP IA1 in fish liver. Juvenile trout (5-10 g) were given i.

Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in hens overfed a purified diet. Selected enzyme activities and liver histology in relation to liver hemorrhage and reproductive performance.

A nutritionally adequate, purified diet was developed and used in studies to characterize selected aspects of laying hens in which fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) was induced by overfeeding. Hens consuming the diet ad libitum or intubated with the diet in quantities equivalent to usual daily energy intake maintained normal rates of lay, did not become obese, and did not develop liver hemorrhage. Overfed hens had a 33% incidence of FLHS, as indicated by the presence of severe liver hemorrhage score, and displayed the full range of symptoms associated with spontaneous outbreaks of FLHS, including definitive lesions of hepatic reticulin.

A low affinity Ca2+ receptor controls the final steps in peptide secretion from pituitary melanotrophs.

Using flash photolysis of caged Ca2+ and the membrane capacitance to monitor exocytosis, we have studied the response of single melanotrophs to a step rise in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Exocytosis begins with a rapid burst. This burst is followed by a slower phase, which is inhibited at cytosolic pH 6.

Neutralization determinants of United States bluetongue virus serotype ten.

A panel of five neutralization-resistant escape mutant (EM) viruses was used to investigate the neutralization determinants of the U.S. prototype strain of bluetongue virus serotype 10 (BTV-10).

Inhibition of epidermal growth factor-like growth factor secretion in tracheobronchial epithelial cells by vitamin A.

Vitamin A deficiency of respiratory tract epithelium results in the phenomenon of squamous cell metaplasia. The mechanisms by which vitamin A regulates airway epithelial cell growth and differentiation are not completely understood. In this study, we focused on the effects of vitamin A (retinol) on growth of human and non-human primate tracheobronchial epithelial (TBE) cells in culture.

The external costs of alcohol abuse.

This study reviews the economic concepts of external and private costs and interprets them in the context of alcohol abuse. Previous economic cost studies by NIAAA are found inadequate in that they fail to differentiate between external and private costs. This study differentiates between external and private costs.

Intrathecal acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin are not analgesic for a supramaximal stimulus.

Intrathecal acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin are analgesic for painful stimuli, and this has been demonstrated when the noxious stimuli are applied to normal and inflamed tissue. This study determined whether these drugs would alter the response to a supramaximal stimulus, e.g.

Sexing and detection of gene construct in microinjected bovine blastocysts using the polymerase chain reaction.

We present a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based procedure for rapid bovine embryo sexing and classifying embryos for the presence of exogenous DNA. Fourteen bovine blastocysts microinjected with gene construct DNA at the pronuclear stage were divided into quarters and subjected to amplification with construct-specific and sex gene-specific (ZFY/ZFX) primers in the same initial PCR reaction. Blastocysts carrying microinjected construct DNA could be identified by the presence of construct-specific PCR product in approximately 4 h.

Chromatophoromas and chromatophore hyperplasia in Pacific rockfish (Sebastes spp.).

Pacific rockfish from Cordell Bank, off central California (United States), were collected and histologically examined from 1985 to 1990. Hyperplastic and neoplastic cutaneous lesions, involving dermal chromatophores, were observed in five species; yellowtail rockfish (Sebastes flavidus), bocaccio (S. paucispinis), olive rockfish (S.

Quality control functions of the Visual Field Reading Center (VFRC) for the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT).

The Visual Field Reading Center (VFRC) was established to assess visual field testing in the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT), to train and certify ONTT technicians, and to monitor the quality of the visual fields through evaluation of the technical aspects of the visual field testing. We describe the functions of the VFRC personnel and the standardized test protocols developed by the VFRC for Humphrey and Goldmann perimetry. We also describe the VFRC procedures for training and certifying visual field technicians, double-checking the eligibility of ONTT patients, assessing the quality of the visual field data, and processing visual field data.

Neural mechanisms in the responses to amino acid deficiency.

Food intake is rapidly and reliably reduced when animals are offered diets that result in an essential amino acid deficiency, such as those used in the imbalanced amino acid diet (IMB) paradigm. There seem to be at least three phases in the responses of rats to IMB: 1) In order to respond to a dietary challenge, the animals must first recognize that challenge. The available data suggest that before the behavioral effects occur, a decline in the concentration of an essential amino acid is sensed in a specific brain area, the prepyriform cortex.

cDNA cloning of a hnRNP A1 isoform and its regulation by retinol in monkey tracheobronchial epithelial cells.

An isoform of the hnRNP A1 was cloned from a cDNA library of monkey tracheobronchial epithelial (TBE) cells by differential hybridization. The cDNA clone MT77 has an insert of 1756 base pairs and the DNA sequence shares high homology to both human A1 alpha-type and beta-type isoforms with the exception of several differences in the coding and noncoding regions. Like the other two isoforms, MT77 has two polyadenylation sites.

The intron of Arabidopsis thaliana polyubiquitin genes is conserved in location and is a quantitative determinant of chimeric gene expression.

We have isolated and determined DNA sequence for the 5'-flanking regions of three Arabidopsis thaliana polyubiquitin genes, UBQ3, UBQ10, and UBQ11. Comparison to cDNA sequences revealed the presence of an intron in the 5'-untranslated region at the same position immediately upstream of the initiator methionine codon in each of the three genes. An intron at this position is also present in two sunflower and two maize polyubiquitin genes.

Screening of marine invertebrates for the presence of ergosterol-sensitive antifungal compounds.

A simple in vitro agar disk diffusion assay has been employed to detect the presence of ergosterol-sensitive antifungal activity in extracts of marine invertebrates. A collection of 116 marine sponges, ascidians, and cnidarians was assayed to reveal 10 samples (8.3%) with significant activity against Candida albicans.

Pseudorecombination between infectious cloned DNA components of tomato mottle and bean dwarf mosaic geminiviruses.

A newly described whitefly-transmitted geminivirus infecting tomato plants in Florida induces yellow mottling symptoms on leaves, and stunted and distorted growth. The DNA-A and DNA-B components were cloned from extracts of field-infected tomato tissue; excised monomers or uncut tandem dimers of these clones were infectious when co-inoculated on to Nicotiana benthamiana by rub-inoculation. Tomato plants inoculated directly with the DNA-A and DNA-B dimers, or indirectly by sap or graft transmission from N.

Detection of bluetongue virus serogroup by polymerase chain reaction.

To facilitate detection of active bluetongue virus (BTV) infection, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was developed. The BTV reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) is a 1-tube reaction and involves chemical denaturation of the double-stranded viral RNA target, a complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis step, and PCR amplification of the cDNA. BTV RT-PCR using primers derived from highly conserved genome segment 10 results in a 251-base pair (bp) product.