The impact of mild episodic ketosis on microglia and hippocampal long-term depression in 5xFAD mice.

Ketotherapeutics is a potential metabolic intervention for mitigating dementias; however, its mechanisms and optimal methods of application are not well understood. Our previous in vitro study showed that β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), a major ketone body, reverses pathological features of amyloid-β oligomer (AβO)-activated microglia. Here we tested the in vivo effects of BHB on microglia and synaptic plasticity in the 5xFAD Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model.

Metastatic skull base chordoma: A systematic review.

Objective/hypothesis: To investigate the clinical features, management strategies and outcomes for patients with metastatic primary skull base chordomas.

Study Design: Systematic review.

Methods: A systematic search through Pubmed/Medline, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost (CINAHL) was conducted without restriction on dates.

Prosaccade and Antisaccade Behavior in Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome Progression.

Background: Quantitative measurement of eye movements can reveal subtle progression in neurodegenerative diseases.

Objective: To determine if quantitative measurements of eye movements may reveal subtle progression of fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia (FXTAS).

Methods: Prosaccade (PS) and antisaccade (AS) behavior was analyzed in 25 controls, 57 non-FXTAS carriers, and 46 carriers with FXTAS.

Early investigations into improving bowel and bladder function in fetal ovine myelomeningocele repair.

Introduction: Fetal myelomeningocele (MMC) repair improves lower extremity motor function. We have previously demonstrated that augmentation of fetal MMC repair with placental mesenchymal stromal cells (PMSCs) seeded on extracellular matrix (PMSC-ECM) further improves motor function in the ovine model. However, little progress has been made in improving bowel and bladder function, with many patients suffering from neurogenic bowel and bladder.

Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients evaluated in the emergency department: A retrospective cohort study of 801 cases.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has extracted devastating tolls. Despite its pervasiveness, robust information on disease characteristics in the emergency department (ED) and how that information predicts clinical course remain limited.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of the first ED visit from SARS-CoV-2-positive patients in our health system, from February 21, 2020 to April 5, 2020.

Contemporary Outcomes in Tetralogy of Fallot With Absent Pulmonary Valve After Fetal Diagnosis.

Background Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve is associated with high mortality, but it remains difficult to predict outcomes prenatally. We aimed to identify risk factors for mortality in a large multicenter cohort. Methods and Results Fetal echocardiograms and clinical data from 19 centers over a 10-year period were collected.

Risk factors for increased COVID-19 case-fatality in the United States: A county-level analysis during the first wave.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is causing significant morbidity and mortality across the US. In this ecological study, we identified county-level variables associated with the COVID-19 case-fatality rate (CFR) using publicly available datasets and a negative binomial generalized linear model. Variables associated with decreased CFR included a greater number of hospitals per 10,000 people, banning religious gatherings, a higher percentage of people living in mobile homes, and a higher percentage of uninsured people.

Placebo Response in Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome.

Background: Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by intention tremor, cerebellar ataxia, and executive dysfunction in carriers of a CGG repeat expansion premutation (55-200 repeats) in the fragile X mental retardation 1 () gene. Given reports of poor insight in FXTAS, we postulated that patients with FXTAS would be less likely to exhibit placebo response.

Objective: To analyze placebo response from the first randomized controlled trial in FXTAS that evaluated cognitive and motor outcomes after 1 year of treatment with memantine.

Repurposing the KCa3.1 inhibitor senicapoc for Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: Microglia play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We here tested the therapeutic hypothesis that the Ca-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 constitutes a potential target for treating AD by reducing neuroinflammation.

Relationship Between Hospital Characteristics and Early Adoption of Angiotensin-Receptor/Neprilysin Inhibitor Among Eligible Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure.

Background The angiotensin-receptor/neprilysin inhibitor ( ARNI ) sacubitril/valsartan reduces hospitalization and mortality for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. However, adoption of ARNI into clinical practice has been slow. Factors influencing use of ARNI have not been fully elucidated.

Modelling the effect of race surface and racehorse limb parameters on in silico fetlock motion and propensity for injury.

Background: The metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock) is the most commonly affected site of racehorse injury, with multiple observed pathologies consistent with extreme fetlock dorsiflexion. Race surface mechanics affect musculoskeletal structure loading and injury risk because surface forces applied to the hoof affect limb motions. Race surface mechanics are a function of controllable factors.

Hypoxia inducible factor signaling and experimental persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.

Background: Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) activity are increased in a lamb model of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). These events can trigger hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling in response to hypoxia, which has been shown to contribute to pulmonary vascular remodeling in rodent models of pulmonary hypertension. However, the role of HIF signaling in chronic intrauterine pulmonary hypertension is not well understood.

Modeling equine race surface vertical mechanical behaviors in a musculoskeletal modeling environment.

Race surfaces have been associated with the incidence of racehorse musculoskeletal injury, the leading cause of racehorse attrition. Optimal race surface mechanical behaviors that minimize injury risk are unknown. Computational models are an economical method to determine optimal mechanical behaviors.

Adult Female Fragile X Premutation Carriers Exhibit Age- and CGG Repeat Length-Related Impairments on an Attentionally Based Enumeration Task.

The high frequency of the fragile X premutation in the general population and its emerging neurocognitive implications highlight the need to investigate the effects of the premutation on lifespan cognitive development. Until recently, cognitive function in fragile X premutation carriers (fXPCs) was presumed to be unaffected by the mutation. Although as a group fXPCs did not differ from healthy controls (HCs), we show that young adult female fXPCs show subtle age- and significant fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene mutation-modulated cognitive function as tested by a basic numerical enumeration task.