Liberibacters Associated with Citrus Huanglongbing in Brazil: 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Is Heat Tolerant, 'Ca. L. americanus' Is Heat Sensitive.

In São Paulo State, Brazil, 'Candidatus Liberibacter americanus' and 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' are associated with huanglongbing (HLB). Affected municipalities occur mainly in the central and southern regions, where the annual number of hours above 30°C is two to five times lower than that in the extreme northern and western regions. The influence of temperature on sweet orange trees infected with 'Ca.

Rescue of the neuroblastoma mutant of the human nucleoside diphosphate kinase A/nm23-H1 by the natural osmolyte trimethylamine-N-oxide.

The point mutation S120G in human nucleoside diphosphate kinase A, identified in patients with neuroblastoma, causes a protein folding defect. The urea-unfolded protein cannot refold in vitro, and accumulates as a molten globule folding intermediate. We show here that the trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) corrects the folding defect and stimulated subunit association.

Is otospiralin inner ear specific? Evidence for its expression in mouse brain.

The small protein otospiralin has initially been identified as an inner ear specific molecule. However, compelling evidence from high throughput sequencing projects suggested that otospiralin is likely expressed in the central nervous system. Here, we tested this hypothesis using a combination of molecular biology, immunological, and histological techniques, and found that otospiralin is expressed in numerous regions of the central nervous system in mouse.

3D TrueFISP imaging of mouse brain at 4.7T and 9.4T.

Purpose: To examine the ability of TrueFISP imaging for evaluating tumor size in mouse brain at high field.

Materials And Methods: Brains of healthy and glioma-implanted nude mice were imaged at 4.7T and 9.

GluR6/KA2 kainate receptors mediate slow-deactivating currents.

Kainate receptors (KARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors contributing to EPSCs with a slow-decaying component that is likely essential for synaptic integration. The slow kinetics of KAR-EPSCs markedly contrasts with the fast kinetics reported for recombinant KARs expressed in heterologous systems, for reasons that remain unexplained. Here we have studied the properties of recombinant heteromeric GluR6/KA2 receptors, which compose synaptic KARs.

Update on the medical treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Context: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has long been treated only by immunotherapy with good results only in a small population of patients. In recent years, major improvements in treatment possibilities have occurred with the advent of anti-angiogenic drugs. In the past 2 yr, pivotal phase III trials have confirmed this major breakthrough by increasing the progression-free survival rates and/or overall survival rates provided by sunitinib, sorafenib, and bevacizumab, and more recently by the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitors temsirolimus and everolimus.

Peritumoral edema and prognosis in intracranial meningioma surgery.

Peritumoral brain edema (PTBE) is often associated with meningiomas. PTBE is probably implicated in the complications occurring in intracranial meningiomas. The goal of this study was to determine the exact implication of PTBE in prognosis.

Kainate receptors in epilepsy and excitotoxicity.

Kainate (KA), an analog of glutamate, is a potent neurotoxin that has long been known to induce behavioral and electrophysiological seizures as well as neuropathological lesions reminiscent of those found in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. More than a decade after the initial KA studies, molecular cloning of ionotropic glutamate receptors identified a family of receptors that binds KA with high affinity. The present review explores the links between the epileptogenic and excitotoxic actions of KA and the function of kainate receptors (KARs) in the activity of neuronal networks.

Application of MRI phase-difference mapping to assessment of vascular concentrations of BMS agent in mice.

Direct quantitation of contrast agent concentration can be performed using dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI. This method is based on phase imaging and administration of paramagnetic agents such as gadolinium-chelates. This technique has only been applied on humans or primates.

Mucosal intraepithelial T-lymphocytes in refractory celiac disease: a neoplastic population with a variable CD8 phenotype.

Celiac disease (CD) is characterized by villous atrophy and an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). The IEL usually exhibit a suppressor/cytotoxic phenotype (CD3 and CD8) and display a polyclonal profile for T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement as opposed to the monoclonality of refractory CD (RCD) with CD8 IEL. A complication of CD is the loss of response to a gluten-free diet called RCD that may progress to an enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma.

Molecular determinants of kainate receptor trafficking.

Glutamate receptors of the kainate subtype are ionotropic receptors that play a key role in the modulation of neuronal network activity. The role of kainate receptors depends on their precise membrane and subcellular localization in presynaptic, extrasynaptic and postsynaptic domains. These receptors are composed of the combination of five subunits, three of them having several splice variants.

Cocaine-induced reinstatement in rats: evidence for a critical role of cocaine stimulus properties.

Rationale: The exact behavioral nature of drug-induced reinstatement of drug seeking is still debated. As an incentive, the drug can have general facilitatory influences on appetitive behaviors. As an interoceptive stimulus, the drug can acquire discriminative properties and control behavior.

Domoic acid induces direct DNA damage and apoptosis in Caco-2 cells: recent advances.

Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxin produced by sea-water phytoplankton. Shellfish feeding on the phytoplankton can bioconcentrate DA, leading to a potentially serious health hazard for people consuming the contaminated shellfish. DA is the principal toxin responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).

Evaluation of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of extracts of mussels originating from Moroccan Atlantic coast, in human colonic epithelial cells Caco-2.

Industrial processing of phosphates generates chemical wastes which are, without any treatment, discharged directly into the Atlantic Ocean at Jorf Lasfar (JL), located 120 km south of Casablanca (Morocco) were shellfish are also collected by people without any control. Marine bivalves concentrate these pollutants by filtration and serve as vectors in human's exposure. The objective of this study was to test and compare in vitro on human intestinal cells (Caco-2) the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) extracts (either hydrophilic or lipophilic) collected at two coastal sites; JL (neighboring a phosphate processing plat-form) and Oualidia (OL) (a vegetable growing area) located 160 km south of Casablanca (i.

Acquired deficit of antithrombin and role of supplementation in septic patients during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration.

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is widely used in the management of septic patients with acute renal failure (ARF). Short filter lifespan (<24 hours) is a major concern and may result of a procoagulating state. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between antithrombin (AT) deficit and early filter clotting, and whether supplementation of AT could increase filter lifespan.

Experimental validation of circumferential, longitudinal, and radial 2-dimensional strain during dobutamine stress echocardiography in ischemic conditions.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess and validate 2-dimensional (2D) strain for the detection of ischemia during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE).

Background: Evaluation of abnormalities of left ventricular (LV) function from wall thickening during DSE is unsatisfactory and requires a high level of expertise.

Methods: In 10 open-chest anesthetized pigs, myocardial deformation was studied before and during dobutamine infusion, under control and ischemic conditions produced by various degrees of coronary artery constriction: 2 of nonflow-limiting stenoses (NFLS) of increasing severity reducing left anterior descending artery hyperemic flow by 40% and 70% and 2 flow-limiting stenoses (FLS) reducing resting coronary flow by 25% and 50%.

Histological mapping of biochemical changes in solid tumors by FT-IR spectral imaging.

Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral imaging was used for analyzing biochemical changes in tumor cells. Metabolic parameters of human lung A549/8 adenocarcinoma and U87 glioma cells were compared under stress conditions in culture along with tumor progression after cell implantation onto the chick embryo chorio-allantoic membrane. In cell culture, glucose consumption and lactic acid release were higher in U87 cells.

Zinc protection against pneumolysin toxicity on rat cochlear hair cells.

Streptococcus pneumoniae can induce local and systemic diseases such as meningitis, otitis media, and pneumonia. One third of these meningitis cases can be associated with irreversible sensorineural hearing loss whose mechanisms likely involves the exotoxin pneumolysin (PLY) that irreversibly damages cochlear hair cells (HCs). In the respiratory system and in neuron it has been demonstrated that zinc deficiency increases severity and mortality of such infections in animal models and in children.

Flagellar length depends on LdARL-3A GTP/GDP unaltered cycling in Leishmania amazonensis.

We have shown previously that expression of the GTP-blocked form of the small G protein LdARL-3A/Q70L led to a marked shortening of Leishmania promastigotes flagella. In contrast, there was no effect with the T30N mutant, thought to represent the GDP-blocked form. However, recent data, obtained with human ARF-6, a member of the same family of G proteins, revealed that the corresponding mutant T27N was nucleotide-free and that the GDP-blocked form was the T44N mutant.

Impact of intra- and interstrain cross-fostering on mouse maternal care.

The importance of maternal care in shaping an individual's phenotype in health and disease is becoming more and more apparent in both human and animal studies. However, in mouse studies using inbred strains or knockout mice to analyze the genetic influences on the development of normal and aberrant behavioral phenotypes, maternal behavior is very poorly characterized and often ignored. This study provides an extensive analysis of spontaneous maternal behavior of inbred mice in three conditions: (1) comparing two commonly used strains, (2) analyzing the impact of adopting pups from the same strain (intrastrain cross-fostering) and (3) analyzing the impact of adopting pups from a different strain (interstrain cross-fostering).

Cranioplasty for repair of a large bone defect in a growing skull fracture in children.

Introduction: In infants, calvarial defects are generally repaired with autologous grafts. However, with large defects, these techniques can be associated with complications such as bone graft resorption, loss of blood, or local infection. Alternative materials are available for cranioplasty including metals or acrylic.

Learning-induced survival of new neurons depends on the cognitive status of aged rats.

Aging is accompanied by an alteration of spatial memory, which has been related to an alteration in hippocampal plasticity. Within the dentate gyrus, new neurons are generated throughout the entire life of an individual. This neurogenesis seems to play a role in hippocampal-mediated learning and learning-induced changes in neurogenesis have been proposed to be involved in memory.

Short-term plasticity of kainate receptor-mediated EPSCs induced by NMDA receptors at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses.

Kainate receptors (KARs) are heteromeric ionotropic glutamate receptors that play a variety of functions in the regulation of the activity of synaptic networks. Little is known about the regulation of the function of synaptic KARs in the brain. In the present study, we found that a conditioning activation of synaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs) induces short-term depression of KAR-EPSCs but not of AMPA receptor-EPSCs at synapses between mossy fibers and CA3 pyramidal cells.

Multifrequency immittancemetry in experimentally induced stapes, round window and cochlear lesions.

Objectives: To establish that admittance (Y) and susceptance (B) conductance (G) tympanograms at 2 kHz can reflect the status of the annular ligament and the cochlear pressure.

Methods: Seven experiments were set up in 22 guinea pigs: ventilation of the bulla, blockage of the stapes and round window membrane (RWM), fistula, fluid removal from the cochlea, injection of saline in the scala tympani and acoustic trauma. Resonance frequency, Y, B and G at 2 kHz and curve shapes were analyzed before and after lesions.