Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Background: Host commensal gut microbes are shown to be crucial for microglial maturation, and functions that involve innate immune responses to maintain brain homeostasis. Sex has a crucial role in the incidence of neurological diseases with females showing higher progression of AD compared with males. Transcriptomics has been a powerful tool for the characterization of microglial phenotypes however, there is a large gap in relating to their functional protein abundances.

Statement in Support of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion for AGU GeoHealth Section.

This commentary presents the American Geophysical Union's GeoHealth section statement in support of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). The GeoHealth section is an open community that represents diverse backgrounds in the geophysical, biological, and public health sciences that share a passion for research at the nexus of Earth and health sciences. The GeoHealth section will aim to advance our understanding of the interactions between the environment, human health, and well-being while supporting DEI topics.

Single Cell Transcriptomic Profiling of -Associated Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Across Species Reveals Conservation of Biological Process But Not Gene Expression.

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common heritable heart disease where the most frequently associated mutations occur in the myosin-binding protein C () sarcomere-associated gene. HCM is also a common veterinary clinical problem in certain cat breeds such as Maine Coons and Ragdolls, also most associated with mutations in . Mouse models of HCM in which mutations are introduced recapitulate some, but not all, features of human HCM.

Disparities in Peripheral Artery Disease-related Mortality in Chronic Inflammatory Disease in the United States from 1999 to 2020.

Introduction: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a marker of significant atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and is associated with greater healthcare burden and worse prognosis in individuals with chronic inflammatory disease (CID). We aimed to investigate temporal trends and disparities of PAD-related mortality in populations with CID from 1999-2020 across six common CIDs (i.e.

Vocal cord dysfunction: Does laryngeal adduction on laryngoscopy predict disease severity and response to laryngeal retraining therapy?

Introduction: Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a complex disorder characterized by episodic adduction of the vocal folds during inspiration and expiration, which can lead to dyspnea, wheezing, cough, and acute-onset respiratory distress. Currently, there is a lack of standardized criteria among treating physicians across multiple disciplines, including otolaryngologists, pulmonologists, allergists, and speech and language pathologists, for diagnosis and treatment of VCD, although laryngeal-respiratory retraining therapy (LRT) has emerged as the preferred treatment modality.

Objective: In the present study, we examined the efficacy of LRT in patients presenting with a clinical diagnosis of VCD in the presence and absence of laryngeal adduction on laryngoscopy.

Risk of Bias When Using Early Failure Criteria in Randomized Clinical Trials With Stereoacuity Outcomes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of early failure criteria for participants in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on overall trial conclusions.

Method: We simulated 10,000 hypothetical RCTs with 2 treatments, 1 linear improvement and 1 with increasing rate of improvement and 6 follow-up visits. Each RCT had 400 participants, with the same baseline stereoacuity distribution.

Neuromodulation Improves Stress Urinary Incontinence-Like Deficits in Female Rabbits.

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) affects a third of the female population and is characterized by involuntary urine leakage during abdominal efforts such as sneezing, laughing, or coughing. Acute neuromodulation of the bulbospongiosus nerve (BsN) was shown to increase bladder efficiency in aged and multiparous rabbits. This study investigates the efficacy of sub-chronic BsN neuromodulation in alleviating SUI-like deficits in mature multiparous rabbits, characterized by increased urine leakage and reduced leak point pressure Using the voiding spot assay, we observed a 40% reduction in urine leakage events after 30 days of BsN stimulation, which correlated with a 60% increase in daily micturition volume, a 10-fold increase in voided volume, and improvements in voiding efficiency and leak point pressure compared to negative control animals.

Active Learning with Particle Swarm Optimization for Enhanced Skin Cancer Classification Utilizing Deep CNN Models.

Skin cancer is a critical global health issue, with millions of non-melanoma and melanoma cases diagnosed annually. Early detection is essential to improving patient outcomes, yet traditional deep learning models for skin cancer classification are often limited by the need for large, annotated datasets and extensive computational resources. The aim of this study is to address these limitations by proposing an efficient skin cancer classification framework that integrates active learning (AL) with particle swarm optimization (PSO).

Big Data, Big Insights: Leveraging Data Analytics to Unravel Cardiovascular Exposome Complexities.

The exposome encompasses the full range of environmental exposures throughout a person's lifetime and plays an important role in cardiovascular health. Interactions with the social, natural, and built components of the exposome significantly impact cardiovascular disease prevalence and mortality. Robust data analytics, including machine learning and geospatial analysis, have advanced our understanding of how these factors converge to influence cardiovascular disease risk.

Burden of Hyperlipidemia, Cardiovascular Mortality, and COVID-19: A Retrospective-Cohort Analysis of US Data.

Background: Hyperlipidemia is a major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor, but limited data on its mortality trends in CVD over time. We assessed annual hyperlipidemia-related CVD mortality trends in the United States, including the COVID-19 pandemic's impact.

Methods And Results: Mortality data were obtained from CDC repository between 1999 and 2020 among patients ≥15 years old, using ICD-10 codes hyperlipidemia (E78.

A strategy for identification and characterization of genic mutations using a temperature-sensitive chlorotic soybean mutant as an example.

Screening a transposon-mutagenized soybean population led to the discovery of a recessively inherited chlorotic phenotype. This "y24" phenotype results in smaller stature, weaker stems, and a smaller root system. Genome sequencing identified 15 candidate genes with mutations likely to result in a loss of function.

Investigating Predictors of Decannulation Through Endoscopic Approach in Patients With Tracheostomy and Peristomal Subglottic Stenosis.

Objective: Peristomal subglottic stenosis (SGS) is a common sequela after tracheostomy, with severe cases precluding decannulation. Predictors of decannulation success in these patients following endoscopic intervention are not well studied. The aim of this study is to investigate predictors of successful decannulation and inform treatment decisions.

Growth of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks on substrates: insight from microsecond atomistic simulations.

While growing two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) on substrates holds promise for producing functional monolayers, the presence of many defects in the resulting crystals often hinders their practical applications. Achieving structural order while suppressing defect formation necessitates a detailed atomic-level understanding. The key lies in understanding the polymerization process with high nano-scale accuracy, which presents significant challenges.

Prodrug nanotherapy demonstrates anticryptosporidial efficacy in a mouse model of chronic infection.

The gastrointestinal disease cryptosporidiosis, caused by the genus , is a common cause of diarrheal diseases in children, particularly in developing countries and frequently fatal in immunocompromised individuals. ()-specific bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) has been a molecular target for inhibitor design. (.

A Contemporary Review on Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) includes almost half of heart failure cases typified by a specific clinical syndrome. Despite diagnostic and management advances, HFpEF still presents a diagnostic challenge and a paucity of therapies specifically aimed at enhancing survival and improving quality of life is still lacking. This review elucidates the diagnostic complexity of HFpEF, highlighting the use of both subjective and objective criteria within algorithmic frameworks.

Myopic Shift over 5 Years after Pediatric Lensectomy with Primary Intraocular Lens Implantation.

Purpose: To report the change in refractive error over 5 years after primary intraocular lens (IOL) placement by age at surgery and to identify factors associated with the change in refractive error after 5 years.

Design: Prospective observational study at 61 pediatric eye care practices.

Participants: One hundred eighty-six eyes of 152 children undergoing primary IOL implantation before 13 years of age for nontraumatic cataract.

Code sharing in ecology and evolution increases citation rates but remains uncommon.

Biologists increasingly rely on computer code to collect and analyze their data, reinforcing the importance of published code for transparency, reproducibility, training, and a basis for further work. Here, we conduct a literature review estimating temporal trends in code sharing in ecology and evolution publications since 2010, and test for an influence of code sharing on citation rate. We find that code is rarely published (only 6% of papers), with little improvement over time.

Lung cancer mortality trends and disparities: A cross-sectional analysis 1999-2020.

Background: Lung cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Given the importance of epidemiological insight on lung cancer outcomes as the foundation for targeted interventions, we aimed to examine lung cancer death trends in the United States in the recent 22-year period, exploring demographic disparities and yearly mortality shifts.

Methods: Mortality information was obtained from the CDC Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database from the years 1999-2020.

Associations between accelerometer-derived sedentary behavior and physical activity with white matter hyperintensities in middle-aged to older adults.

Introduction: We examined the relationship between sedentary behavior (SB), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes, a common magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) marker associated with risk of neurodegenerative disease in middle-aged to older adults.

Methods: We used data from the UK Biobank ( = 14,415; 45 to 81 years) that included accelerometer-derived measures of SB and MVPA, and WMH volumes from MRI.

Results: Both MVPA and SB were associated with WMH volumes (β= -0.