Peripheral muscle force balance/imbalance in neurological binary control of bladder function and dysfunction.

Bladder control is not from the bladder itself but from muscles and ligaments outside of it. Bladder control is binary, either closed or open. Control is exerted cortically, directly and via a peripheral pelvic mechanism comprising three reflex pelvic muscles which contract (variously) against pubourethral ligaments (PULs) anteriorly and uterosacral ligaments (USLs) posteriorly.

Thrombotic microangiopathy after traumatic brain injury: A case report and review of the literature.

Key Clinical Message: This case report supports that trauma can rarely cause thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Early recognition is important due to a high mortality of untreated TMA, but diagnosis can be delayed by attributing lab abnormalities as due to blood loss.

Abstract: Major trauma can provoke coagulopathy, ranging from hypo- to hypercoagulation.

Defining urge as an uncontrolled micturition explains pathogenesis, informs cure and helps solve the burgeoning OAB crisis.

Background: Parallel with the demographic ageing crisis, is a disabling overactive bladder (OAB) crisis (urgency/frequency/nocturia), 30% prevalence in older women, pathogenesis stated as unknown and, according to some learned societies, incurable.

Hypothesis/aims: To review International Continence Society and Integral System paradigms to test our thesis that OAB per se is not a pathological condition, rather, a prematurely activated uncontrolled micturition; pathogenesis being anatomical damage in a nonlinear feedback control system comprising cortical and peripheral (muscle/ligament) components.

Methods: We examined studies from basic science, anatomy, urodynamics, ultrasonic and video xrays, ligament repairs, from which we created a nonlinear binary model of bladder function.

Prenatal homozygosity mapping detects a novel mutation in CHST3 in a fetus with skeletal dysplasia and joint dislocations.

In selected cases, homozygosity mapping followed by direct sequencing of one or a few carefully selected candidate genes in a prenatal setting can be beneficial to obtain diagnosis in consanguineous families.