The effects of estradiol on central serotonergic systems and its relationship to mood in women.

Lifetime prevalence rates of depression are higher in women than men. Because this gender disparity appears after the onset of puberty and declines after menopause, gonadal hormones may play a role in women's increased vulnerability to dysphoric states. Estrogens have powerful effects beyond their role in reproduction.

Can Diet and ExerciseReally Change Metabolism?

Resting metabolic rate (RMR; kcal/min) accounts for approximately 60% to 75% of total daily energy expenditure. The energy required to digest and absorb food, also called the thermic effect of feeding, provides an additional 5% to 10%, and the energy expended in physical activity (thermic effect of activity) comprises approximately 20% to 30% of daily energy output. The major determinants of RMR include such factors as body surface area, age, gender, thyroid hormones and catecholamines, genetics, body temperature, and in women, the phase of the menstrual cycle.