Evaluation of the effects of latanoprost and benzalkonium chloride on the cell viability and nonpolar lipid profile produced by human meibomian gland epithelial cells in culture.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of a PGF analog, latanoprost, and its preservative, benzalkonium chloride (BAK), on the cell viability and lipidomic expression of immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs).

Methods: Differentiated HMGECs were exposed to latanoprost (0.05 to 50 µg/ml), BAK (0.

Vergence/accommodative therapy for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children: Time course of improvements in convergence function.

Purpose: To evaluate the time course of improvements in clinical convergence measures for children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency treated with office-based vergence/accommodative therapy.

Methods: We evaluated convergence measures from 205, 9- to 14-year-old children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency randomised to office-based vergence/accommodative therapy in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial - Attention and Reading Trial (CITT-ART). Near-point of convergence (NPC) and near-positive fusional vergence (PFV) were measured at baseline and after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of therapy; mean change in NPC and PFV between these time points were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation: A new approach for stimulating tear secretion in dry eye disease.

Tear secretion is regulated by the lacrimal functional unit consisting of afferent and efferent nerve innervation. The afferent arm consists of trigeminal nociceptors on the ocular surface and nasal mucosa. When stimulated by agonists, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on nerve endings in the nose initiate a reflex arc resulting in instantaneous tear secretion.

A review of meibomian gland structure, function, and contact lens wear.

Purpose: To provide a balanced literature review of the studies that have evaluated the effect of contact lenses on meibomian gland (MG) health.

Methods: A PubMed.gov literature search was conducted on or before May 15, 2021.

Case Report: Retinal Infarction Associated with Migraine.

Significance: Retinal migraine and migrainous infarction are distinct clinical entities delineated by the International Headache Society. Presented is a novel case report demonstrating unique optical coherence tomography evidence of retinal ischemia experienced during a migraine with effects across retinal vascular territories. This may represent evidence of migrainous infarction within the retina.

Myopia Progression as a Function of Sex, Age, and Ethnicity.

Purpose: To model juvenile-onset myopia progression as a function of race/ethnicity, age, sex, parental history of myopia, and time spent reading or in outdoor/sports activity.

Methods: Subjects were 594 children in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study with at least three study visits: one visit with a spherical equivalent (SPHEQ) less myopic/more hyperopic than -0.75 diopter (D), the first visit with a SPHEQ of -0.

Frequency of Contact Lens Complications Between Contact Lens Wearers Using Multipurpose Solutions Versus Hydrogen Peroxide in the United States and Canada.

Objectives: To retrospectively compare frequency of contact lens (CL) complications in soft CL users of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and multipurpose solutions (MPS).

Methods: This was a multicenter, retrospective chart review of CL records from each patient's three most recent eye examinations at academic and private practices. Patients must have used the same solution type for at least 3 years.

Global trends in myopia management attitudes and strategies in clinical practice - 2019 Update.

Purpose: A survey in 2015 identified a high level of eye care practitioner concern about myopia with a reported moderately high level of activity, but the vast majority still prescribed single vision interventions to young myopes. This research aimed to update these findings 4 years later.

Methods: A self-administrated, internet-based questionnaire was distributed in eight languages, through professional bodies to eye care practitioners globally.

Impact of the 2011 International Workshop on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction on clinical trial attributes for meibomian gland dysfunction.

Purpose: The 2011 International Workshop on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction was organized to build consensus on various disease aspects of MGD. The purpose of this review was to examine the influence of the MGD Workshop on clinical trials by examining their attributes prior to and after the Workshop.

Methods: A search for clinical trials using the terms "Meibomian Gland Dysfunction" was conducted using the "Interventional Studies" filter on ClinicalTrials.

A Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Toric Versus Spherical Contact Lenses on Vision and Eyestrain.

Objectives: To compare the effect of toric versus spherical soft contact lenses on objective measures of visual performance using visual acuity and electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Methods: Current soft contact lens wearers with -0.75 to -1.

Efficacy of Toric Contact Lenses in Fitting and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Contact Lens Wearers.

Objectives: To assess whether patient-reported measures are improved with soft toric contact lenses (TCLs) compared with soft spherical contact lenses (SCLs) and whether clinical time needed to fit TCL is greater than SCL.

Methods: Habitual contact lens wearers with vertexed spherical refraction +4.00 to +0.

TFOS DEWS II Report Executive Summary.

This article presents an Executive Summary of the conclusions and recommendations of the 10-chapter TFOS DEWS II report. The entire TFOS DEWS II report was published in the July 2017 issue of The Ocular Surface. A downloadable version of the document and additional material, including videos of diagnostic and management techniques, are available on the TFOS website: www.

Global trends in myopia management attitudes and strategies in clinical practice.

Purpose: Myopia is a global public health issue; however, no information exists as to how potential myopia retardation strategies are being adopted globally.

Methods: A self-administrated, internet-based questionnaire was distributed in six languages, through professional bodies to eye care practitioners globally. The questions examined: awareness of increasing myopia prevalence, perceived efficacy and adoption of available strategies, and reasons for not adopting specific strategies.

Choroidal Thickness Profiles in Myopic Eyes of Young Adults in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial Cohort.

Purpose: To examine the relationship of choroidal thickness with axial length (AL) and myopia in young adult eyes in the ethnically diverse Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) cohort.

Design: Cross-sectional, multicenter study.

Methods: In addition to measures of myopia by cycloplegic autorefraction and AL by A-scan ultrasonography, participants underwent optical coherence tomography imaging of the choroid in both eyes at their last visit (14 years after baseline).

Aniseikonia induced by cataract surgery and its effect on binocular vision.

Purpose: This study measured aniseikonia before and after the first and second cataract surgeries in ametropic adults. The relationship of aniseikonia to anisometropia and its effect on stereopsis, ocular alignment, and clinical symptoms were determined.

Methods: Seventeen patients scheduled to have bilateral cataract surgery with 2 diopters or more ametropia participated.

The contributions of near work and outdoor activity to the correlation between siblings in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study.

Purpose: We determined the correlation between sibling refractive errors adjusted for shared and unique environmental factors using data from the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study.

Methods: Refractive error from subjects' last study visits was used to estimate the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between siblings. The correlation models used environmental factors (diopter-hours and outdoor/sports activity) assessed annually from parents by survey to adjust for shared and unique environmental exposures when estimating the heritability of refractive error (2*ICC).

Intraobserver reliability of contact pachymetry in children.

Background: Central corneal thickness (CCT) is an important measurement in the treatment and management of pediatric glaucoma and potentially of refractive error, but data regarding reliability of CCT measurement in children are limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of CCT measurement with the use of handheld contact pachymetry in children.

Methods: We conducted a multicenter intraobserver test-retest reliability study of more than 3,400 healthy eyes in children aged from newborn to 17 years by using a handheld contact pachymeter (Pachmate DGH55; DGH Technology Inc, Exton, PA) in 2 clinical settings--with the use of topical anesthesia in the office and with the patient under general anesthesia in a surgical facility.

Objective measures of the effects of the "Read Without Glasses Method".

Purpose: The Read Without Glasses Method is a home-based vision training program designed to "avoid, eliminate, or reduce the need for bifocals" in presbyopic patients with 6 minutes of daily vision exercises. The purpose of this study was to objectively measure changes in accommodation and near unaided visual acuity (VA) in emmetropic presbyopes using this program.

Methods: Eight emmetropic presbyopes between 50 and 65 years of age participated in 2 pretreatment and 2 post-treatment visits.

Prototype base curve attachment for the topographer: what will replace the vanishing radiuscope?

Background: With the disappearance of the radiuscope, alternative methods must be developed to accurately measure gas-permeable (GP) lenses. The purpose of this study was to design, manufacture, and test a novel attachment for the evaluation of spherical base curves of GP rigid contact lenses using a corneal topographer.

Methods: A topographer attachment was devised with the intent of measuring the surface radii of GP lenses.

Visually impaired caregivers: perspectives from patient focus groups.

Background: With the aging of the population, more persons who are severely visually impaired are now caring for a spouse or significant other. The purpose of this qualitative study is to learn more about this previously unreported, yet vulnerable, population of visually impaired caregivers.

Methods: Focus groups and 1-on-1 interviews were conducted with legally blind U.

Anti-inflammatory drug use and age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: Basic research has shown that early processes in the development of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) are related to inflammation. The purpose of this manuscript is to evaluate the association of ARMD and the use of anti-inflammatory medications.

Methods: A nested case control study was carried out among male patients at the Veteran's Medical Center in Birmingham, Alabama (BVAMC).

Monocular nystagmus with sectoral optic nerve hypoplasia in a patient with septo-optic dysplasia.

This case depicts an unusual presentation of septo-optic dysplasia. A four-year-old female presented with monocular nystagmus and temporal optic disc pallor in her left eye. Despite a normal sized optic nerve head, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a hypoplastic intraorbital and intracranial left optic nerve in the absence of a septum pellucidum.