Just an unfair score: Perceptions of gender inequity in the treatment of substance use disorders among women involved in the criminal legal system.

Introduction: Increasing overdose deaths and criminal legal involvement among women necessitate women-specific solutions to curb the adverse consequences of substance use disorders (SUDs). The current study is the pre-implementation phase of an implementation science study that works with various stakeholders-affected women, criminal legal professionals, and SUD treatment professionals-to identify and address high-priority needs for criminal-legal involved women with SUDs.

Methods: This study uses semi-structured interviews (N = 42) administered in 2022 to women with a history of SUD and criminal legal involvement (n = 20), SUD treatment professionals (n = 12), and criminal legal professionals (n = 10).

Publication trends of Leber congenital amaurosis researches: a bibliometric study during 2002-2022.

Aim: To analyze the changes in scientific output relating to Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and forecast the study trends in this field.

Methods: All of the publications in the field of LCA from 2002 to 2022 were collected from Web of Science (WOS) database. We analyzed the quantity (number of publications), quality (citation and H-index) and development trends (relative research interest, RRI) of published LCA research over the last two decades.

Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Protein on Virus Retention for Different Virus Removal Filters.

The performance of virus filters is often determined by the extent of protein fouling, which can affect both filtrate flux and virus retention. However, the mechanisms governing changes in virus retention in the presence of proteins are still not well understood. The objective of this work was to examine the effect of proteins on virus retention by both asymmetric (Viresolve NFP and Viresolve Pro) and relatively homogeneous (Ultipor DV20 and Pegasus SV4) virus filtration membranes.

Separate offering of forages and concentrates to lactating dairy cows: Effects on lactational performance, enteric methane emission, and efficiency of nutrient utilization.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of separate offering of feed ingredients (SF) and frequency of concentrate feeding versus offering a TMR, on lactational performance, ruminal fermentation, enteric CH emissions, nutrient digestibility, N use efficiency, milk fatty acid profile, and blood variables in mid-lactation dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows (12 primi- and 12 multiparous) averaging (±SD) 141 ± 35 DIM and 43 ± 6 kg/d of milk yield (MY) at the beginning of the study were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment with 3 periods of 28 d each, composed of 7 d for adaptation to the diets, 11 d for estimation of net energy and metabolizable protein requirements, and 10 d for data and samples collection. Cows were grouped based on parity, DIM, and MY into 4 Latin squares.

Emotion recognition with reduced channels using CWT based EEG feature representation and a CNN classifier.

Although emotion recognition has been studied for decades, a more accurate classification method that requires less computing is still needed. At present, in many studies, EEG features are extracted from all channels to recognize emotional states, however, there is a lack of an efficient feature domain that improves classification performance and reduces the number of EEG channels.In this study, a continuous wavelet transform (CWT)-based feature representation of multi-channel EEG data is proposed for automatic emotion recognition.

Versatile potassium vanadium fluorophosphate (KVPOF) composites as Dual-Function cathode and anode materials for Potassium-Ion hybrid capacitors.

Potassium-based energy storage has emerged as a promising alternative for advanced energy storage systems, driven by the abundance of potassium, fast ion migration, and low standard electrode potential. Hybrid capacitors, which combine the desirable characteristics of batteries and supercapacitors, offer a compelling solution for efficient energy storage. In this study, we present the development of versatile composite materials, specifically potassium vanadium fluorophosphate (KVPOF) composites, utilizing a sol-gel method.

Programmable magnetic robot (ProMagBot) for automated nucleic acid extraction at the point of need.

Upstream sample preparation remains the bottleneck for point-of-need nucleic acid testing due to its complexity and time-consuming nature. Sample preparation involves extracting, purifying, and concentrating nucleic acids from various matrices. These processes are critical for ensuring the accuracy and sensitivity of downstream nucleic acid amplification and detection.

Microbial composition, rumen fermentation parameters, enteric methane emissions, and lactational performance of phenotypically high and low methane-emitting dairy cows.

This experiment was designed to investigate the relation of high and low methane-yield phenotypes with body weight (BW), dry matter intake (DMI), lactation performance, enteric CH emissions, and rumen fermentation parameters in lactating dairy cows. A total of 130 multi- and primiparous Holstein cows were screened for enteric CH emissions using the GreenFeed system (C-Lock Inc.).

Effects of ensiling time on corn silage starch ruminal degradability evaluated in situ or in vitro.

Accurate measurements of concentration and ruminal degradability of corn silage starch is necessary for formulation of diets that meet the energy requirements of dairy cows. Five corn silage hybrids ensiled for 0 (unfermented), 30, 60, 120, and 150 d were used to determine the effects of ensiling time on starch degradability of corn silage. In addition, the effects of grind size of silage samples on 7-h in vitro starch degradability and the relationship between in vitro, in situ and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) starch degradability were studied.

Spatial distribution and determinants of childhood vaccination refusal in the United States.

Parental refusal and delay of childhood vaccination has increased in recent years in the United States. This phenomenon challenges maintenance of herd immunity and increases the risk of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. We examine US county-level vaccine refusal for patients under five years of age collected during the period 2012-2015 from an administrative healthcare dataset.

High Dissolved Carbon Concentration in Arid Rocky Mountain Streams.

Warming in mountains is known to intensify aridity and threaten water availability globally. Its impacts on water quality, however, have remained poorly understood. Here we collate long-term (multi-year to decadal mean), baseline stream concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon, two essential indicators of water quality and soil carbon response to warming, across more than 100 streams in the United States Rocky Mountains.

Dielectric characterization of paraelectric particle-loaded polymer matrix composites and commercial photoresins at W-band frequencies.

This work presents W-band (75-110 GHz) dielectric characterization of commercially available photoresins in their neat state, as well as in polymer matrix composite (PMC) mixtures with various loading concentrations of the paraelectric barium strontium titanate (BST). Due to difficulties 3D printing the BST-loaded PMC resins detailed within, a custom curing and casting process was used to fabricate testable PMC samples, which were synthesized to demonstrate the dielectric functionalization of the underlying polymer matrix. Dielectric characterization of the PMCs confirmed the functionalization of our composites when compared to the commercial photoresins.

Digital CRISPR Systems for the Next Generation of Nucleic Acid Quantification.

Digital CRISPR (dCRISPR) assays are an emerging platform of molecular diagnostics. Digital platforms introduce absolute quantification and increased sensitivity to bulk CRISPR assays. With ultra-specific targeting, isothermal operation, and rapid detection, dCRISPR systems are well-prepared to lead the field of molecular diagnostics.

High-frequency neuronal signal better explains multi-phase BOLD response.

Visual stimulation-evoked blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) responses can exhibit more complex temporal dynamics than a simple monophasic response. For instance, BOLD responses sometimes include a phase of positive response followed by a phase of post-stimulus undershoot. Whether the BOLD response during these phases reflects the underlying neuronal signal fluctuations or is contributed by non-neuronal physiological factors remains elusive.

Effects of phytonutrients and yeast culture supplementation on lactational performance and nutrient use efficiency in dairy cows.

Yeast culture and phytonutrients are dietary supplements with distinct modes of action, and they may have additive effects on the performance of dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a preparation of phytonutrients and a yeast culture from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on lactational performance, total-tract digestibility of nutrients, urinary nitrogen losses, energy metabolism markers, and blood cells in dairy cows. Thirty-six mid-lactation Holstein cows (10 primiparous and 26 multiparous) were used in an 8-wk randomized complete block design experiment with a 2-wk covariate period, 2 wk for adaptation to the diets, and a 4-wk experimental period for data and samples collection.

Identification of a putative haplotype associated with recumbency in Holstein calves.

Thirty-four Holstein calves from multiple farms were found recumbent during the neonatal period with no detectable neurologic, infectious, or metabolic abnormalities. Most calves did not survive beyond 6 wk of age. The objective of this study was to conduct a genome-wide association and pedigree analysis to determine if a genetic origin was plausible.

Comparing noninvasive sampling techniques with standard cannula sampling method for ruminal microbial analysis.

Rumen microbes play an important role in the conversion of indigestible plant material to energy and protein in dairy cows. Sampling for ruminal contents via cannula is considered the gold standard technique for microbial analysis, but the technique requires ruminally cannulated animals and specialized animal facilities. The purpose of this study was to determine whether other sampling methods and locations along the digestive tract may serve as noninvasive proxies to the cannula method for microbial analysis.

Effects of a combination of Capsicum oleoresin and clove essential oil on metabolic status, lactational performance, and enteric methane emissions in dairy cows.

Botanical extracts have a potential to modify ruminal fermentation while enhancing metabolism and immunity in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a combination of Capsicum oleoresin and clove essential oil (botanicals; BTC) on lactational performance, nutrient utilization, enteric methane (CH) emissions, and blood parameters in dairy cows. Twenty Holstein cows (12 multiparous and 8 primiparous) averaging (±SD) 77 ± 28 d in milk in the beginning of the study were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with 4 periods of 28 d each.

Functionality of glycomacropeptide glycated with lactose and maltodextrin.

The Maillard reaction (MR), under proper environmental conditions, has been used to improve protein functionality. In the present work, 2 high temperatures (50-80°C) and water activity (Aw; 0.45-0.

Interaction of sodium acetate supplementation and dietary fiber level on feeding behavior, digestibility, milk synthesis, and plasma metabolites.

Acetate supplementation has been shown to increase milk fat yield in diets with low risk of biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression. The interaction of acetate supplementation with specific dietary factors that modify rumen fermentation and short-chain fatty acid (FA) synthesis has not been investigated. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of acetate supplemented as sodium acetate at 2 dietary fiber levels.

Effect of mild thermal and pH changes on the sol-gel transition in skim milk.

The present work aimed to improve acid and rennet milk gelation properties with mild thermal and pH changes to skim milk, with emphasis on heating temperatures below the denaturation temperature of whey proteins. We hypothesized the heat-induced, pH-dependent micellar changes, namely the shifts in casein and calcium equilibria between the micellar (or colloidal) and serum phases, result in firmer acid and rennet milk gels and reduced gelation time. Homogenized, pasteurized skim milk was adjusted to pH values in the range of 6.

Characterization of ethanol-induced casein micelle dissociation using a continuous protein monitoring unit.

The effect of ethanol on milk has been shown to be temperature-dependent, with higher ethanol concentrations and temperatures reversibly dissociating casein micelles. This work looked to expand on this knowledge, while also demonstrating the efficiency and precision of a custom-made continuous monitoring unit that combines solutions at defined concentrations and temperatures while measuring various parameters (i.e.

In vivo kinetics of oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acid biohydrogenation in the rumen of dairy cows.

Ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of unsaturated fatty acids (FA) reduces absorption of essential FA and can result in formation of bioactive FA that cause milk fat depression. Rates of biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA are commonly observed using in vitro systems and are not well described in vivo. Seven ruminally cannulated cows were enrolled in a 3 × 3 Latin square design study to quantify biohydrogenation of 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, and 18:3n-3 using a recently developed in vivo BH assay.

Effect of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoate (HMTBa) on milk fat, rumen environment and biohydrogenation, and rumen protozoa in lactating cows fed diets with increased risk for milk fat depression.

Biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression (MFD) is a reduction in milk fat synthesis caused by bioactive fatty acids (FA) produced during altered ruminal microbial metabolism of unsaturated FA. The methionine analog 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoate (HMTBa) has been shown to reduce the shift to the alternate biohydrogenation pathway and maintain higher milk fat yield in high-producing cows fed diets lower in fiber and higher in unsaturated FA. The objective of this experiment was to verify the effect of HMTBa on biohydrogenation-induced MFD and investigate associated changes in rumen environment and fermentation.

Effect of the timing of sodium acetate infusion on the daily rhythms of milk synthesis and plasma metabolites and hormones in Holstein cows.

Dairy cows have a daily pattern of feed intake which influences ruminal fermentation and nutrient absorption. Milk synthesis also exhibits a daily rhythm and is altered by the timing of feed availability. Nutrients can regulate physiological rhythms, but it is unclear which specific nutrients affect the rhythms of milk synthesis in the cow.