Common clonal origin of conventional T cells and induced regulatory T cells in breast cancer patients.

Regulatory CD4 T cells (Treg) prevent tumor clearance by conventional T cells (Tconv) comprising a major obstacle of cancer immune-surveillance. Hitherto, the mechanisms of Treg repertoire formation in human cancers remain largely unclear. Here, we analyze Treg clonal origin in breast cancer patients using T-Cell Receptor and single-cell transcriptome sequencing.

Relationship between back posture and early orthodontic treatment in children.

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between body posture and sagittal dental overjet in children before and after early orthodontic treatment with removable functional orthodontic appliances.

Methods: Angle Class II patients (mean age 8.2 ± 1.

Mechanical Stress Induce PG-E2 in Murine Synovial Fibroblasts Originating from the Temporomandibular Joint.

Genetic predisposition, traumatic events, or excessive mechanical exposure provoke arthritic changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). We analysed the impact of mechanical stress that might be involved in the development and progression of TMJ osteoarthritis (OA) on murine synovial fibroblasts (SFs) of temporomandibular origin. SFs were subjected to different protocols of mechanical stress, either to a high-frequency tensile strain for 4 h or to a tensile strain of varying magnitude for 48 h.

CXCL5, CXCL8, and CXCL10 regulation by bacteria and mechanical forces in periodontium.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expressions of CXCL5, CXCL8, and CXCL10 in periodontal cells and tissues in response to microbial signals and/or biomechanical forces.

Methods: Human gingival biopsies from inflamed and healthy sites were used to examine the chemokine expressions and protein levels by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The chemokines were also investigated in gingival biopsies from rats submitted to experimental periodontitis and/or tooth movement.

Potential interactions among single nucleotide polymorphisms in bone- and cartilage-related genes in skeletal malocclusions.

Objective: To investigate SNPs in bone- and cartilage-related genes and their interaction in the aetiology of sagittal and vertical skeletal malocclusions.

Settings And Sample Population: This study included 143 patients and classified as follows: skeletal class I (n = 77), class II (n = 47) and class III (n = 19); maxillary retrusion (n = 39), protrusion (n = 52) and well-positioned maxilla (n = 52); mandibular retrognathism (n = 50), prognathism (n = 50) and well-positioned mandible (n = 43); normofacial (n = 72), dolichofacial (n = 55) and brachyfacial (n = 16).

Materials And Methods: Steiner's ANB, SNA, SNB angles and Ricketts' NBa-PtGn angle were measured to determine the skeletal malocclusion and the vertical pattern.

The role of HIF-1α in nicotine-induced root and bone resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.

Background: In orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), pseudo-inflammatory processes occur that are similar to those of nicotine-induced periodontitis. Previous studies have shown that nicotine accelerates OTM, but induces periodontal bone loss and dental root resorption via synergistically increased osteoclastogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) in nicotine-induced osteoclastogenesis during OTM.

Comparative assessment of mouse models for experimental orthodontic tooth movement.

Animal experiments are essential for the elucidation of biological-cellular mechanisms in the context of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). So far, however, no studies comparatively assess available mouse models regarding their suitability. OTM of first upper molars was induced in C57BL/6 mice either via an elastic band or a NiTi coil spring for three, seven or 12 days.

Genetic variants in tooth agenesis-related genes might be also involved in tooth size variations.

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate if genetic variants in PAX9, MSX1, TGFα, FGF3, FGF10, FGF13, GLI2 and GLI3 are involved in TS of permanent teeth.

Materials And Methods: Pretreatment dental records from orthodontic patients were assessed prior to recruitment. Patients with tooth agenesis and congenital anomalies (including oral cleft) and/or syndromes were excluded.

Selection and validation of reference genes by RT-qPCR for murine cementoblasts in mechanical loading experiments simulating orthodontic forces in vitro.

Different structures and cell types of the periodontium respond to orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) individually. Cementoblasts (OC/CM) located in the immediate vicinity of the fibroblasts on the cement have found way to the centre of actual research. Here, we identify and validate possible reference genes for OC/CM cells by RT-qPCR with and without static compressive loading.

Early OA Stage Like Response Occurs after Dynamic Stretching of Human Synovial Fibroblasts.

As events triggering early osteoarthritis onset can be related to mechanical stress and proinflammatory signaling, we investigated the effect of different mechanical strain protocols on the expression of proinflammatory genes, as well as extracellular matrix remodelling in human synovial fibroblasts. Three distinct models of tensile stretching were applied: static isotropic tensile strain at 0 Hz, 16% tension for 48 h; short-term high-frequency cyclic tension at 1 Hz, 10% tension for 4 h; and dynamic tensile stretching for 48 h, consisting of two blocks of moderate stretching at 0.2 Hz, 2%, advanced stretching at 0.

Effect of ovariectomy on maxilla and mandible dimensions of female rats.

Objective: The role of oestrogen in craniofacial growth still remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effect of oestrogen deficiency on maxilla and mandible dimensions.

Setting And Sample Population: The study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, and used forty female Wistar rats.

Depth of acid penetration and enamel surface roughness associated with different methods of interproximal enamel reduction.

Objectives: To assess and compare the enamel surface quality after interproximal enamel reduction (IPR) was performed with different systems and to study the relation between acid penetration depth and enamel surface quality as well as the importance of remineralization.

Methods: Sixty-five extracted teeth were randomly allocated to five experimental groups: untreated control, manual with New Metal Strips, mechanical with oscillating segment (OS) discs, Safe-Tipped Bur Kit, and the Ortho-Strip, followed by 30 s of polishing with the Softflex system and the Compo-system after treating the tooth with OS discs. Mesial surfaces were demineralized for 24 h and distal surfaces were subjected to interchanging demineralization and remineralization cycles of 24 h each for 18 days.

The role of mechanotransduction versus hypoxia during simulated orthodontic compressive strain-an in vitro study of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts.

During orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) mechanical forces trigger pseudo-inflammatory, osteoclastogenic and remodelling processes in the periodontal ligament (PDL) that are mediated by PDL fibroblasts via the expression of various signalling molecules. Thus far, it is unknown whether these processes are mainly induced by mechanical cellular deformation (mechanotransduction) or by concomitant hypoxic conditions via the compression of periodontal blood vessels. Human primary PDL fibroblasts were randomly seeded in conventional six-well cell culture plates with O-impermeable polystyrene membranes and in special plates with gas-permeable membranes (Lumox®, Sarstedt), enabling the experimental separation of mechanotransducive and hypoxic effects that occur concomitantly during OTM.

Simplified method for applying static isotropic tensile strain in cell culture experiments with identification of valid RT-qPCR reference genes for PDL fibroblasts.

Background/objective: Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) play an important mediating role in orthodontic tooth movement expressing various cytokines, when exposed to compressive or tensile strain. Here, we present a simplified and easy-to-handle, but reliable and valid method for simulating static isotropic tensile strain in vitro using spherical silicone cap stamps. Furthermore, we identify appropriate reference genes for data normalization in real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) experiments on PDLF subjected to tensile strain.

Correction to: Three-dimensional quantitative assessment of palatal bone height for insertion of orthodontic implants - a retrospective CBCT study.

Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported that the information regarding ethics approval was accidentally entered under trial registration. A trial registration was not required for this study.

Tooth agenesis-related GLI2 and GLI3 genes may contribute to craniofacial skeletal morphology in humans.

Objective: The present cross-sectional, multi-centre, genetic study aimed to determine, whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in tooth agenesis (TA)-associated GLI2 and GLI3 genes contribute to the development of craniofacial skeletal morphology in humans.

Design: Orthodontic patients from an ethnically heterogeneous population were selected for the present study (n = 594). The presence or absence of TA was determined by analysis of panoramic radiography and dental records.

Clinical Experience with Hemopatch® as a Dural Sealant in Cranial Neurosurgery.

Background: Herein, we report our clinical experience with the novel polyethylene glycol-covered matrix dural onlay, Hemopatch® (Baxter Deutschland GmbH, Unterschleißheim, Germany) for the prevention of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas.

Methods: Retrospectively, 22 consecutive patients (11 females, 11 males, mean age: 49.8 years, range: 15-77 years) with oncological and vascular intracranial lesions were included in this study.

Three-dimensional quantitative assessment of palatal bone height for insertion of orthodontic implants - a retrospective CBCT study.

Background: Orthodontic implants have found widespread use as means of maximum skeletal anchorage in fixed orthodontic treatment, their optimal insertion location in the hard palate, however, is still controversial. The aim of this study was therefore to assess mean bone height across the hard palate and possible age- and sex related differences to identify the most favourable location according to maximum bone height, optimizing primary stability and survival of inserted orthodontic implants.

Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, maxillary pretreatment CBCT scans of 180 healthy orthodontic patients (95♀, 85♂, age 8-40 years) were analysed with regard to vertical palatal bone height in the midpalatal area at 88 validated points distanced 2 mm from each other forming a grid of 0-14 mm posterior to the incisive foramen and 10 mm lateral of the midpalatal suture.

Current trends of genetics in apical periodontitis research.

Genetics is an emerging topic in endodontic research focusing on the host response regarding the pathogenesis of apical periodontitis (AP). A number of genetic epidemiological studies carried out by many investigators worldwide have shown evidence of an association between certain candidate genes and AP. Some studies have been conducted on knockout mice with a deficiency in certain proteins, leading to more or less severe AP, and thus suggesting a pivotal role of these genes in AP pathogenesis.

The fascinating world of non-coding RNA and how it may help to unravel the mysteries of tooth movement regulation.

The innovative study presented by Huang and co-workers in this issue of the European Journal of Orthodontics is one of the first giving insight into the mostly disregarded world of non-coding ribonucleic acids in orthodontics. In other fields of science non-coding ribonucleic acids have been shown to play a major role in the regulation of cell metabolism as well as the aetiology of diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and periodontitis. Their pilot study on the possible function of differentially expressed long non-coding ribonucleic acids during mechanical compression of periodontal ligament stem cells, as well as methodological approach of whole-transcriptome sequencing with bioinformatory analyses, provides ample possibilities for future basic orthodontic research, which will hopefully greatly expand our knowledge of tooth movement regulation.

Conformity, reliability and validity of digital dental models created by clinical intraoral scanning and extraoral plaster model digitization workflows.

Background: In dentistry, digitization of dental arches with intraoral scanners could one day replace impressions and plaster model digitization processes, if accuracy is clinically sufficient. This study aimed to assess the reliability, validity and conformity of an intraoral scanning procedure (Lythos, Ormco) and of two extraoral digitization workflows via alginate impression and plaster model scanning with the D810 (3shape) or the Atos II Triple Scan (GOM) under clinical conditions.

Methods: In 20 subjects three consecutive intraoral scans, three alginate and one reference polyether impression were taken of both the upper and lower dental arch, respectively.

Improved eruption path quantification and treatment time prognosis in alignment of impacted maxillary canines using CBCT imaging.

Background/objective: Orthodontic alignment of impacted upper canines is desirable for functional and aesthetic reasons, but time-consuming and difficult. Estimated treatment time is thus an important factor in treatment planning, its predictability based on hitherto available two-dimensional radiological measurements, however, quite limited (max. 39.

Valid gene expression normalization by RT-qPCR in studies on hPDL fibroblasts with focus on orthodontic tooth movement and periodontitis.

Meaningful, reliable and valid mRNA expression analyses by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) can only be achieved, if suitable reference genes are chosen for normalization and if appropriate RT-qPCR quality standards are met. Human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts play a major mediating role in orthodontic tooth movement and periodontitis. Despite corresponding in-vitro gene expression studies being a focus of interest for many years, no information is available for hPDL fibroblasts on suitable reference genes, which are generally used in RT-qPCR experiments to normalize variability between samples.