Immunotherapy in endometrial cancer.

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) endometrial cancer data expanded our knowledge about the role of different immunotherapeutic approaches based on molecular subtypes. Immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrated distinct antitumor activities as monotherapy or in combination. In microsatellite unstable (microsatellite instability-high) endometrial cancer, immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors showed promising single agent activity in recurrent settings.

Effect of milk protein content in Toddler formula on later BMI and obesity risk: protocol of the multicentre randomised controlled Toddler Milk Intervention (ToMI) trial.

Introduction: Reduction of milk protein content in infant formula provided during the first year of life has been shown to reduce early weight gain and obesity later in life. While rapid weight gain during the first 2 years of life is one of the strongest early predictors of obesity, the role of animal protein intake beyond the first year of life is unclear. The aim of this study is to examine the role of milk protein during the second year of life in healthy children on weight gain and obesity risk in preschool age.

Renal and renal sinus fat volumes as quantified by magnetic resonance imaging in subjects with prediabetes, diabetes, and normal glucose tolerance.

Purpose: We hypothesize that MRI-based renal compartment volumes, particularly renal sinus fat as locally and potentially independently acting perivascular fat tissue, increase with glucose intolerance. We therefore analyze the distribution of renal volumes in individuals with normal glucose levels and prediabetic and diabetic individuals and investigate potential associations with other typical cardiometabolic biomarkers.

Material And Methods: The sample comprised N = 366 participants who were either normoglycemic (N = 230), had prediabetes (N = 87) or diabetes (N = 49), as determined by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.

Tumor load in patients with multiple myeloma: β₂-microglobulin levels versus low-dose whole-body CT.

Objective: Beta-2-microglobulin is a serum marker of tumor burden in multiple myeloma (MM). Our aim was to correlate serum β₂-microglobulin levels in patients with MM to tumor burden determined by low-dose whole-body CT (LDWBCT).

Materials And Methods: A total of 52 patients with newly diagnosed, untreated MM who underwent LDWBCT were included.

CT Fluoroscopy-Guided Drain Placement to Treat Infected Gastric Leakage after Sleeve Gastrectomy: Technical and Clinical Outcome of 31 Procedures.

Purpose:  To observe the technical and clinical outcome as well as safety of CT fluoroscopy-guided drain placement in the multimodal clinical complication management of superinfected gastric leakage after sleeve gastrectomy.

Materials And Methods:  All consecutive patients who underwent CT fluoroscopy-guided drain placement to treat superinfected postoperative leakage after sleeve gastrectomy in our department between 2007 and 2014 were included in this retrospective study. All interventions were performed on a 16- or 128-row CT scanner under intermittent CT fluoroscopy guidance (15-25 mAs, 120 kV).

Retrospective outcome analysis of rates and types of complications after 8654 minimally invasive radiological port implantations via the subclavian vein without ultrasound guidance.

Purpose: To evaluate the rate and types of complications after minimally invasive radiological central vein port implantation without ultrasound guidance.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 8654 patients who underwent port implantations in the subclavian vein without ultrasound guidance in our institution from 1998 to 2014 with regard to types and rates of peri-, early and late post-interventional complications according to the common classification for complications published by the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR). Additionally, the impact of the training level of the operators on the rate of complications was analyzed.

CT fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous osteoplasty with or without radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of painful extraspinal and spinal bone metastases: technical outcome and complications in 29 patients.

Purpose: We aimed to assess the safety and technical outcome of computed tomography (CT) fluoroscopy-guided osteoplasty with or without prior percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with painful osteolyses.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 29 patients with painful extraspinal and spinal osteolyses (16 women, 13 men; 63.1±14.

Qualitative and Quantitative Imaging Evaluation of Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes with Grating-based X-ray Phase-contrast CT.

Current clinical imaging methods face limitations in the detection and correct characterization of different subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), while these are important for therapy and prognosis. The present study evaluates the potential of grating-based X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography (gbPC-CT) for visualization and characterization of human RCC subtypes. The imaging results for 23 ex vivo formalin-fixed human kidney specimens obtained with phase-contrast CT were compared to the results of the absorption-based CT (gbCT), clinical CT and a 3T MRI and validated using histology.

Multiparametric Functional MRI: A Tool to Uncover Subtle Changes following Allogeneic Renal Transplantation.

Purpose: To investigate multiparametric functional MRI to characterize acute rejection in a murine allogeneic renal transplant model and evaluate the effect of novel therapeutics.

Material And Methods: We performed allogeneic and syngeneic orthotopic transplantations (Balb/c to C57Bl/6 and C57Bl/6 to C57Bl/6). Allogeneic Groups (n = 5) were either treated with the anti-CCL2-Spiegelmer (mNOX-E36) in monotherapy or in combination with low doses of Ciclosporin-A (10mg/kgBW/d) for 10 days.

Adjuvant Weekly Girentuximab Following Nephrectomy for High-Risk Renal Cell Carcinoma: The ARISER Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Girentuximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds carbonic anhydrase IX, a cell surface glycoprotein ubiquitously expressed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Its safety and activity in phase 2 studies prompted investigation into its use as adjuvant monotherapy in participants with high-risk ccRCC.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of adjuvant girentuximab on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with localized completely resected high-risk ccRCC.

Accuracy of Liver Fat Quantification With Advanced CT, MRI, and Ultrasound Techniques: Prospective Comparison With MR Spectroscopy.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the accuracy of proton-density fat-fraction, single- and dual-energy CT (SECT and DECT), gray-scale ultrasound (US), and US shear-wave elastography (US-SWE) in the quantification of hepatic steatosis with MR spectroscopy (MRS) as the reference standard.

Subjects And Methods: Fifty adults who did not have symptoms (23 men, 27 women; mean age, 57 ± 5 years; body mass index, 27 ± 5) underwent liver imaging with un-enhanced SECT, DECT, gray-scale US, US-SWE, proton-density fat-fraction MRI, and MRS for this prospective trial. MRS voxels for the reference standard were colocalized with all other modalities under investigation.

Dual energy can accurately differentiate uric acid-containing urinary calculi from calcium stones.

Purpose: To retrospectively evaluate the accuracy of dual-energy CT (DECT) in the detection of the chemical composition of urinary calculi in correlation with infrared spectroscopic stone analysis.

Methods: We reviewed the CT scans of 255 patients who underwent DECT due to a clinical suspicion of urolithiasis. Out of this group, we included 64 patients with clinically symptomatic urolithiasis requiring stone removal.

Magnetic resonance enterography/enteroclysis in acquired small bowel diverticulitis and small bowel diverticulosis.

Purpose: Small bowel (SB) diverticulosis is a rare disorder that may entail serious complications, including SB diverticulitis. Both are often missed in imaging. Magnetic resonance enterography/enteroclysis (MRE) is increasingly used to assess SB disease; awareness of the appearance of SB diverticulitis is essential to ensure appropriate management.

Second-Opinion Interpretations of Gynecologic Oncologic MRI Examinations by Sub-Specialized Radiologists Influence Patient Care.

Purpose: To determine if second-opinion review of gynaecologic oncologic (GynOnc) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by sub-specialized radiologists impacts patient care.

Methods: 469 second-opinion MRI interpretations rendered by GynOnc radiologists were retrospectively compared to the initial outside reports. Two gynaecologic surgeons, blinded to the reports' origins, reviewed all cases with discrepancies between initial and second-opinion MRI reports and recorded whether these discrepancies would have led to a change in patient management defined as a change in treatment approach, counselling, or referral.

Correlation of perfusion MRI and 18F-FDG PET imaging biomarkers for monitoring regorafenib therapy in experimental colon carcinomas with immunohistochemical validation.

Objectives: To investigate a multimodal, multiparametric perfusion MRI / 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose-(18F-FDG)-PET imaging protocol for monitoring regorafenib therapy effects on experimental colorectal adenocarcinomas in rats with immunohistochemical validation.

Materials And Methods: Human colorectal adenocarcinoma xenografts (HT-29) were implanted subcutaneously in n = 17 (n = 10 therapy group; n = 7 control group) female athymic nude rats (Hsd:RH-Foxn1rnu). Animals were imaged at baseline and after a one-week daily treatment protocol with regorafenib (10 mg/kg bodyweight) using a multimodal, multiparametric perfusion MRI/18F-FDG-PET imaging protocol.

Improved detection of hypervascular liver lesions with CAIPIRINHA-Dixon-TWIST-volume-interpolated breath-hold examination.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic performance of a dynamic, multiphasic contrast-enhanced volume-interpolated sequence with advanced parallel imaging techniques, Dixon fat saturation, and view sharing with 5 hepatic arterial subphases for the detection of focal liver lesions.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-four consecutive patients (13 females, 11 males; mean [SD] age, 58 [15] years) with focal liver lesions were included in this prospective study. The examination was performed at a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging system (MAGNETOM Skyra; Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany).

X-ray phase-contrast tomography of renal ischemia-reperfusion damage.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate microstructural changes occurring in unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in a murine animal model using synchrotron radiation.

Material And Methods: The effects of renal ischemia-reperfusion were investigated in a murine animal model of unilateral ischemia. Kidney samples were harvested on day 18.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging measurements in renal cell carcinoma: effect of region of interest size and positioning on interobserver and intraobserver variability.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of region of interest (ROI) size and positioning on perfusion and permeability parameters as well as on interobserver and intraobserver variability of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE-MRI) of primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and metastases.

Materials And Methods: Thirty-nine DCE-MRI examinations of 34 patients with primary RCC and 20 examinations of 9 patients with RCC metastases obtained at 1.5 T were evaluated.

Tumor load in patients with multiple myeloma: β2-microglobulin levels versus whole-body MRI.

Objective: Beta-2-microglobulin is a serum maker of tumor burden in hematologic malignancies. We aimed to correlate serum β2-microglobulin levels in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) to tumor mass determined by whole-body MRI.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively included patients with newly diagnosed, untreated MM who underwent whole-body MRI at our institution between 2003 and 2011.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging assessment of kidney function and renal masses: single slice versus whole organ/tumor.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare single-slice and 3-dimensional (3D) analysis for magnetic resonance renography (plasma flow [FP], plasma volume [VP], and glomerular filtration rate [GFR]) and for dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of renal tumors (FP, VP, permeability-surface area product), respectively.

Material And Methods: We prospectively included 22 patients (43 kidneys with 22 suspicious renal lesions) and performed preoperative and postoperative imaging before and after partial nephrectomy, respectively. Of the 22 renal lesions, 15 turned out to be renal cell carcinoma and were included in the tumor analysis, altogether leading to 86 renal and 15 tumor MRI scans, respectively.

Combined intravoxel incoherent motion and diffusion tensor imaging of renal diffusion and flow anisotropy.

Purpose: We used a combined intravoxel incoherent motion-diffusion tensor imaging (IVIM-DTI) methodology to distinguish structural from flow effects on renal diffusion anisotropy.

Methods: Eight volunteers were examined with IVIM-DTI at 3T with 20 diffusion directions and 10 b-values. Mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) from DTI analysis were calculated for low (b ≤ 200 s/mm(2) ), high (b > 200 s/mm(2) ), and full b-value ranges.

Recent advances in cross-sectional renal imaging-an oncologic perspective: the current concepts and the future challenges.

Renal imaging remains a critical tool to differentiate and manage benign from malignant renal disorders. Conventional multidetector computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) provide great anatomical details, although lack functional information and specificity. The lack of resolution undermines the functional capabilities of nuclear medicine imaging.

Regorafenib effects on human colon carcinoma xenografts monitored by dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography with immunohistochemical validation.

Objective: To investigate dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography for monitoring the effects of regorafenib on experimental colon carcinomas in rats by quantitative assessments of tumor microcirculation parameters with immunohistochemical validation.

Materials And Methods: Colon carcinoma xenografts (HT-29) implanted subcutaneously in female athymic rats (n = 15) were imaged at baseline and after a one-week treatment with regorafenib by dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (128-slice dual-source computed tomography). The therapy group (n = 7) received regorafenib daily (10 mg/kg bodyweight).