High Content Image Analysis of Cellular Responses of the Murine J774A.1 Cell Line and Primary Human Cells Alveolar Macrophages to an Extended Panel of Pharmaceutical Agents.

Introduction: In vitro screening of macrophages for drug-induced effects, such as phospholipidosis, is useful for detecting potentially problematic compounds in the preclinical development of oral inhaled products. High-content image analysis (HCIA) is a multi-parameter approach for cytotoxicity screening. This study provides new insights into HCIA-derived response patterns of murine J774A.

Frequency of an intrathecal IgM synthesis and MRZ reaction in children with MS.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the CNS. An intrathecal IgM synthesis is associated with a more rapid progression of MS and the intrathecal immune response to measles -, rubella -and varicella zoster virus (MRZR) which, if present, increases the likelihood of a diagnosis of MS in adults.

Objective: To evaluate the frequency of an intrathecal IgM synthesis and MRZR in children with MS.

Thoracic Ultrasound for Immediate Exclusion of Pneumothorax after Interventional Bronchoscopy.

Background: Pneumothorax is a common side effect in interventional pulmonology. The ideal moment for detection with chest X-ray or ultrasound has not yet been defined. Earlier studies demonstrated the utility of performing these tests with a certain delay, which always results in a potentially dangerous gap.

Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Diagnostic Criteria, Therapeutic Options and Perspectives.

Purpose Of Review: This review summarizes our current understanding of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents. Special emphasis is given towards diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options.

Recent Findings: Consistent diagnostic criteria to define MetS in childhood and adolescence are not available to date.

Risk Factors and Implications of Childhood Obesity.

Purpose Of Review: This review summarizes our current understanding of factors associated with childhood obesity, including latest prevalence rates, effectiveness of intervention strategies, and risk for concomitant disease later in life.

Recent Findings: Obesity has reached global dimensions, and prevalence of childhood obesity has increased eightfold since 1975. Interventions for obesity prevention have mainly focused on behavioral settings to date, i.

Cardiometabolic risk markers, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aFABP) and the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in obese adolescents.

Objective: The impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) as well as the association between the adipocyte fatty binding protein (aFABP) and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight adolescents was investigated.

Methods: Twenty-eight adolescents (13-18years; BMI≥90th percentile according to German reference values) were offered HIIT twice weekly for 6months. At baseline and after program completion, anthropometric, clinical and metabolic characteristics were assessed and a fasting blood sample was obtained.

Lactate in cystic fibrosis sputum.

Background: Antibiotic therapy is thought to improve lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) by decreasing neutrophil-derived inflammation. We investigated the origin and clinical significance of lactate in the chronically inflamed CF lung.

Methods: Lactate was measured in sputa of 18 exacerbated and 25 stable CF patients via spectrophotometry and gaschromatography.