Electromagnetic wave effects on Mn-doped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanofluids: applications in enhanced oil recovery.

The utilization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has gained attention due to their ability to alter the interfacial tension (IFT) of reservoir rocks. However, the influence of electromagnetic (EM) waves on these nanofluids, particularly when doped with manganese (Mn), remains underexplored. The interaction mechanisms between EM waves and Mn-doped FeO nanofluids are not well understood, limiting their application in EOR.