A titanium dioxide/nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot nanocomposite to mitigate cytotoxicity: synthesis, characterisation, and cell viability evaluation.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO NPs) have attracted tremendous interest owing to their unique physicochemical properties. However, the cytotoxic effect of TiO NPs remains an obstacle for their wide-scale applications, particularly in drug delivery systems and cancer therapies. In this study, the more biocompatible nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) were successfully incorporated onto the surface of the TiO NPs resulting in a N-GQDs/TiO nanocomposites (NCs).