Thermal Inactivation, Denaturation and Aggregation Processes of Papain-Like Proteases.

The investigation into the behavior of ficin, bromelain, papain under thermal conditions holds both theoretical and practical significance. The production processes of medicines and cosmetics often involve exposure to high temperatures, particularly during the final product sterilization phase. Hence, it's crucial to identify the "critical" temperatures for each component within the mixture for effective technological regulation.

6-Hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline Demonstrates Neuroprotective Properties in Experimental Parkinson's Disease by Enhancing the Antioxidant System, Normalising Chaperone Activity and Suppressing Apoptosis.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, whereby disturbances within the antioxidant defence system, increased aggregation of proteins, and activation of neuronal apoptosis all have a crucial role in the pathogenesis. In this context, exploring the neuroprotective capabilities of compounds that sustain the effectiveness of cellular defence systems in neurodegenerative disorders is worthwhile. During this study, we assessed how 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (HTHQ), which has antioxidant properties, affects the functioning of the antioxidant system, the activity of NADPH-generating enzymes and chaperones, and the level of apoptotic processes in rats with rotenone-induced PD.

Aging, Neurodegenerative Disorders, and Cerebellum.

An important part of the central nervous system (CNS), the cerebellum is involved in motor control, learning, reflex adaptation, and cognition. Diminished cerebellar function results in the motor and cognitive impairment observed in patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), and multiple sclerosis (MS), and even during the normal aging process. In most neurodegenerative disorders, impairment mainly occurs as a result of morphological changes over time, although during the early stages of some disorders such as AD, the cerebellum also serves a compensatory function.

6-Hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline Demonstrates Anti-Inflammatory Properties and Reduces Oxidative Stress in Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Rats.

We examined the effects of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline on markers of liver injury, oxidative status, and the extent of inflammatory and apoptotic processes in rats with acetaminophen-induced liver damage. The administration of acetaminophen caused the accumulation of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and 8-isoprostane in the liver and serum, as well as an increase in biochemiluminescence indicators. Oxidative stress resulted in the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine and NF-κB factor mRNA synthesis and increased levels of immunoglobulin G, along with higher activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9.

6-Hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline Alleviates Oxidative Stress and NF-κB-Mediated Inflammation in Rats with Experimental Parkinson's Disease.

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of different doses of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (HTHQ) on motor coordination scores, brain tissue morphology, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, the severity of oxidative stress parameters, the levels of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) factor, and the inflammatory response in rats during the development of rotenone-induced Parkinsonism. The findings indicate that HTHQ, with its antioxidant attributes, reduced the levels of 8-isoprostane, lipid oxidation products, and protein oxidation products. The decrease in oxidative stress due to HTHQ led to a reduction in the mRNA content of proinflammatory cytokines and myeloperoxidase activity, accompanying the drop in the expression of the factor NF-κB.

Weakly Cross-Linked Anionic Copolymers: Kinetics of Swelling and Water-Retaining Properties of Hydrogels.

Six cross-linked copolymers consisting of sodium acrylate, N-acrylamide, starch fragments and a cross-linker were synthesized, potentially suitable for use in agriculture as superabsorbents. The copolymers had the same content of carboxyl groups equal to 6.2 mmoles per 1 g of copolymer and the content of cross-linker (Q) varied from 0.

Indole-3-carbinol mitigates oxidative stress and inhibits inflammation in rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model.

Ischemia is a significant pathogenetic factor of stroke with very limited treatment options. The objective of our research was to evaluate the protective properties of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its effect on redox status parameters, inflammation, and apoptosis intensity in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) in rats. I3C administration to CIRI rats decreased levels of oxidative stress markers and improved aerobic metabolism compared to the animals with CIRI.

A Simple Model of the Energy Harvester within a Linear and Hysteresis Approach.

In this article, a model of an energy harvester, the mechanical part of which is an inverted pendulum, is proposed. We investigated the stability of a linearized system. It was proven that the stabilizing control of the pendulum, based on the feedback principle, enables the stabilization of the system.

New Aspects of the Reaction of Thioacetamide and N-Substituted Maleimides.

N-Arylmaleimides are universal substrates for the synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds with a wide spectrum of biological activity. However, their reactions with thioacetamides have not been comprehensively studied. We studied the reactions of thioacetamide with N-arylmaleimides under various conditions.

Recyclization of Maleimides by Binucleophiles as a General Approach for Building Hydrogenated Heterocyclic Systems.

The building of heterocyclic systems containing hydrogenated fragments is an important step towards the creation of biologically-active compounds with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activity. Among the numerous methods for creating such systems, a special place is occupied by processes using -substituted maleimides as the initial substrate. This molecule easily reacts in Diels-Alder/retro-Diels-Alder reactions, Michael additions with various nucleophiles, and co-polymerization processes, as have been described in numerous detailed reviews.

Comparative Cytogenetics of Lace Bugs (Tingidae, Heteroptera): New Data and a Brief Overview.

The lace bug family Tingidae comprises more than 2600 described species in 318 genera that are classified into the subfamilies Tinginae (about 2500 species and 300 genera), Cantacaderinae, and Vianadinae. We provide data on karyotypes of 16 species belonging to 10 genera of the tribes Tingini and Acalyptaini (Tinginae) studied using conventional chromosome staining and FISH. The species of Tingini possess 2n = 12A + XY, whereas those of Acalyptaini have 2n = 12A + X(0).

A Multifield Study on Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate: A Reagent Able to Build a New Cycle on Diaminoimidazoles.

A new effective method for the synthesis of imidazo[1,5-]pyridazines derivatives (yields = 68-89%) by the interaction of 1,2-diamino-4-phenylimidazole with DMAD, in methanol and in the presence of a catalytic amount of acetic acid, is proposed. The course of reaction has been examined by classical organic methods, HPLC-MS analysis, and quantum-chemical calculations.

1-benzoyl-6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline exerts a neuroprotective effect and normalises redox homeostasis in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.

Ischemia is one of the main etiological factors of stroke and is associated with the development of energy deficiency, oxidative stress, and inflammation. An abrupt restoration of blood flow, called reperfusion, can worsen the effects of ischemia. In our study, we assessed the neuroprotective potential of 1-benzoyl-6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (BHDQ) in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CIR) in rats.

The effect of methylethylpiridinol addition to the therapy on the level of pigment epithelium-derived factor and oxidative status in patients with diabetic nephropathy: randomized controlled open-label clinical study.

Purpose: The diabetic nephropathy is associated with oxidative stress and increases in pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) level in the patient's blood. For the first time, authors investigated the effect of methylethylpiridinol addition to the therapy on oxidative status and pigment epithelium-derived factor concentrations, and examined the relationship between these indicators and clinical markers of pathology development.

Methods: Study design: open label randomized controlled trial study.

Novel biotechnological formulations of cysteine proteases, immobilized on chitosan. Structure, stability and activity.

Bromelain, papain, and ficin are studied the most for meat tenderization, but have limited application due to their short lifetime. The aim of this work is to identify the adsorption mechanisms of these cysteine proteases on chitosan to improve the enzymes' stability. It is known that immobilization can lead to a significant loss of enzyme activity, which we observed during the sorption of bromelain (protease activity compared to soluble enzyme is 49% for medium and 64% for high molecular weight chitosan), papain (34 and 28% respectively) and ficin (69 and 70% respectively).

Influence of UV radiation on molecular structure and catalytic activity of free and immobilized bromelain, ficin and papain.

Our research has shown that the degree of photosensitivity of the cysteine proteases can be arranged in the following order: bromelain → ficin → papain. After the UV irradiation with 151 J·m intensity of a bromelain solution, the enzyme activity has increased. No decrease in the catalytic capacity and the change in the size of the molecule was recorded in the 151-6040 J·m range of irradiation intensities.

Immobilization of inulinase on KU-2 ion-exchange resin matrix.

We develop a technique for the sorption of inulinase from Kluyveromyces marxianus on the KU-2 matrix cation-exchanger. The most appropriate conditions for immobilization are: 25 °C, pH 4.5, incubation time 1.

New factor Xa inhibitors based on 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline developed by molecular modelling.

Factor Xa is a serine protease representing a crucial element in the coagulation process and an attractive target for anticoagulant therapy. At the present time there are several chemical classes of factor Xa inhibitors with proven activity. Furthermore, three factor Xa inhibitors have been approved for the medical use to date.

Variability of phase and amplitude fronts due to horizontal refraction in shallow water.

The variability of the interference pattern of a narrow-band sound signal in a shallow water waveguide in the horizontal plane in the presence of horizontal stratification, in particular due to linear internal waves, is studied. It is shown that lines of constant phase (a phase front) and lines of constant amplitude/envelope (an amplitude front) for each waveguide mode may have different directions in the spatial vicinity of the point of reception. The angle between them depends on the waveguide's parameters, the mode number, and the sound frequency.