Cytokinin signalling inhibitory fields provide robustness to phyllotaxis.

How biological systems generate reproducible patterns with high precision is a central question in science. The shoot apical meristem (SAM), a specialized tissue producing plant aerial organs, is a developmental system of choice to address this question. Organs are periodically initiated at the SAM at specific spatial positions and this spatiotemporal pattern defines phyllotaxis.

[Treatment of testicular cancer].

Germ-cell tumours (GCTs) are the most common type of cancer in young men. Since the late 1970s, disseminated GCT have been a paradigm for curable metastatic cancer and metastatic GCTs are highly curable with cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by surgical resection of residual masses. Patients' prognosis is currently assessed using the International Germ-Cell Consensus Classification (IGCCC) and used to adapt the burden of chemotherapy.

Prenatal unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia in a series of 26 cases: significance and implications for prenatal diagnosis.

Objective: To define imaging patterns of unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia (UCH), discuss possible pathophysiological mechanisms and underline the etiology and prognosis associated with these lesions.

Methods: In this retrospective study we reviewed the charts of 26 fetuses diagnosed between 2003 and 2011 with UCH, defined by asymmetrical cerebellar hemispheres with or without decreased transverse cerebellar diameter. The review included analysis of the anatomy of the cerebellar hemispheres, including foliation, borders and parenchymal echogenicity, and of the severity of the hypoplasia.

Hand mental rotation is not systematically altered by actual body position: Laterality judgment versus same-different comparison tasks.

It is commonly believed that during mental rotation of body parts, participants tend to imagine their own body part moving toward the stimulus, thus using an egocentric strategy. Several studies have also shown that the mental rotation of hands is affected by the actual hand position, especially if the hand is kept in an awkward position. However, this hand posture effect, as well as the use of an egocentric strategy during mental rotation of body parts, is not systematic.

Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson. Wilson's disease, Queen Square and neurology.

This historical article describes the life and work of the British physician Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878-1937), who was one of the world's greatest neurologists of the first half of the 20th century. Early in his career, Wilson spent one year in Paris in 1903 where he learned from Pierre-Marie at Bicêtre Hospital. He subsequently retained uninterrupted links with French neurology.

PBN derived amphiphilic spin-traps. II/Study of their antioxidant properties in biomimetic membranes.

The work reported herein deals with the evaluation of the antioxidant properties of bitailed amphiphilic α-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone derivatives (BPBNs) towards oxidation of an unsaturated lipid, the 1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLoPC). Oxidation was induced either by UV light irradiation or radical initiators, i.e.

Gene amplification and functional diversification of melanocortin 4 receptor at an extremely polymorphic locus controlling sexual maturation in the platyfish.

In two swordtail species of the genus Xiphophorus, the onset of puberty has been shown to be modulated at the P locus by sequence polymorphism and gene copy-number variation affecting the type 4 melanocortin hormone receptor Mc4r. The system works through the interaction of two allelic types, one encoding wild type and the other dominant-negative receptors. We have analyzed the structure and evolution of the P locus in the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus, where as many as nine alleles of P determining the onset of sexual maturity in males and females, fecundity in females, and adult size in males are located on both the X and Y chromosomes in a region linked to the master sex-determining locus.

Deep cervical granular cell tumor: an atypic location suggestive of neurogenic origin.

Introduction: Granular cell tumor (GCT), or Abrikossoff's tumor, is usually benign, with predominantly head-and-neck locations. Putative Schwann-cell origin is controversial. Treatment is surgical, due to risk of malignancy.

Surgical management of thoracolumbar kyphosis in mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 in a reference center.

Purpose: Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) I is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease. Thoracolumbar kyphosis is an early characteristic feature of the disease. Ossification failure in the anterosuperior quadrant of the vertebral body results in anterior dislocation.

Should we eat less salt?

High blood pressure is a major cardiovascular risk factor. There is overwhelming evidence that high salt consumption is a major cause of increased blood pressure. There is also a link between high salt consumption and risk of stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy, renal disease, obesity, renal stones and stomach cancer.

Adapted physical activity programme and self-perception in obese adolescents with intellectual disability: between morphological awareness and positive illusory bias.

Background: In adolescent with intellectual disability, the management of obesity is a crucial issue, yet also quite complex because of their particular perception of themselves. This study investigated the relationship between self-perception variables and morphological variables and their changes after a 9-month Adapted Physical Activity (APA) programme.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-three adolescents with intellectual disability responded to an adapted questionnaire, including the PSI-VSF-ID and a nine-drawing body silhouette scale.

The difficult diagnosis of cartilaginous tibial eminence fractures in young children.

Purpose: Anterior tibial eminence fracture is the main mode of ACL failure in patients with open physes. In young children, purely cartilaginous avulsions of the tibial ACL insertion are possible. The aim of this study was to focus on patients referred for misdiagnosed cartilaginous tibial eminence fractures.

Differential miRNA expression profiles in proliferating or differentiated keratinocytes in response to gamma irradiation.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a group of short non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression, have recently emerged as potential modulators of cellular response to ionizing radiations both in vitro and in vivo in various cell types and tissues. However, in epidermal cells, the involvement of the miRNA machinery in the cellular response to ionizing radiations remains to be clarified. Indeed, understanding the mechanisms of cutaneous radiosensitivity is an important issue since skin is the most exposed organ to ionizing radiations and among the most sensitive.

Severe second-trimester obstructive ventriculomegaly related to disorders of diencephalic, mesencephalic and rhombencephalic differentiation.

By review of a series of cases, we set out to identify sonographic features suggestive of an obstructive mechanism in second-trimester fetuses with ventriculomegaly and describe developmental disorders related to pathological differentiation of the diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon that lead to obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow. We studied retrospectively 11 fetuses referred for severe second-trimester ventriculomegaly of undetermined origin. Neurosonography was performed with detailed analysis of the third ventricle, thalami, cerebral aqueduct and cerebellum.

The economic burden of alcohol dependence in Europe.

Aims: To determine the economic burden pertaining to alcohol dependence in Europe.

Methods: Database searching was combined with grey literature searching to identify costs and resource use in Europe relating to alcohol dependence as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) or the World Health Organisation's International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Searches combined MeSH headings for both economic terms and terms pertaining to alcohol dependence.

The sensory dorsal organs of crustaceans.

The cuticle of crustaceans bears numerous organs, of which the functions of many are unknown. One of these, the sensory dorsal organ (SDO), is present in a wide diversity of taxa. Here we critically review the variability, ultrastructure, distribution, and possible function of this enigmatic cuticular organ.

Atomic and electronic properties of quasi-one-dimensional MOS nanowires.

The structural, electronic and magnetic properties of quasi-one-dimensional MoS nanowires, passivated by extra sulfur, have been determined using density-functional theory. The nanostructures were simulated using several different models based on experimental electron microscopy images. It is found that independently of the geometrical details and the coverage of extra sulfur at the Mo-edge, quasi-one-dimensional metallic states are predominant in all the low-energy model structures despite their reduced dimensionality.

Shell tension forces propel Dictyostelium slugs forward.

The Dictyostelium slug is an excellent model system for studying collective movements, as it is comprised of about 10(5) cells all moving together in the same direction. It still remains unclear how this movement occurs and what the physical mechanisms behind it are. By applying our recently developed 3D traction force microscopy, we propose a simple explanation for slug propulsion.

Effect of the MDM2 antagonist RG7112 on the P53 pathway in patients with MDM2-amplified, well-differentiated or dedifferentiated liposarcoma: an exploratory proof-of-mechanism study.

Background: We report a proof-of-mechanism study of RG7112, a small-molecule MDM2 antagonist, in patients with chemotherapy-naive primary or relapsed well-differentiated or dedifferentiated MDM2-amplified liposarcoma who were eligible for resection.

Methods: Patients with well-differentiated or dedifferentiated liposarcoma were enrolled at four centres in France. Patients received up to three 28-day neoadjuvant treatment cycles of RG7112 1440 mg/m(2) per day for 10 days.

Proactive inhibitory control varies with task context.

The goal of executive control is to adjust our behaviour to the environment. It involves not only the continuous planning and adaptation of actions but also the inhibition of inappropriate movements. Recently, a proactive form of inhibitory control has been shown, demonstrating that actions can be withheld, in an uncertain environment, thanks to the proactive locking of the mechanism by which motor commands are triggered (e.

Regularity of unit length boosts statistical learning in verbal and nonverbal artificial languages.

Humans have remarkable statistical learning abilities for verbal speech-like materials and for nonverbal music-like materials. Statistical learning has been shown with artificial languages (AL) that consist of the concatenation of nonsense word-like units into a continuous stream. These ALs contain no cues to unit boundaries other than the transitional probabilities between events, which are high within a unit and low between units.