Electrophysiological Evidence That the Retrosplenial Cortex Displays a Strong and Specific Activation Phased with Hippocampal Theta during Paradoxical (REM) Sleep.

It is widely accepted that cortical neurons are similarly more activated during waking and paradoxical sleep (PS; aka REM) than during slow-wave sleep (SWS). However, we recently reported using Fos labeling that only a few limbic cortical structures including the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACA) contain a large number of neurons activated during PS hypersomnia. Our aim in the present study was to record local field potentials and unit activity from these two structures across all vigilance states in freely moving male rats to determine whether the RSC and the ACA are electrophysiologically specifically active during basal PS episodes.

Risks and Benefits of Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery for Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas in Patients of the Ninth Decade.

Background: The population older than 80 years of age (very elderly) is increasing, and the management of these patients with pituitary surgery is controversial.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of pituitary tumors in elderly patients and to determine the safety of endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery for nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas in patients aged older than 80 years.

Methods: This retrospective study included elderly (65-75 years old) and very elderly consecutive patients operated between 2007 and 2015 for nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.

Tumour-Derived Human Growth Hormone As a Therapeutic Target in Oncology.

The growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) axis is the key regulator of longitudinal growth, promoting postnatal bone and muscle growth. The available data suggest that GH expression by tumour cells is associated with the aetiology and progression of various cancers such as endometrial, breast, liver, prostate, and colon cancer. Accordingly there has been increased interest in targeting GH-mediated signal transduction in a therapeutic setting.

Within outlying mean indexes: refining the OMI analysis for the realized niche decomposition.

The ecological niche concept has regained interest under environmental change (e.g., climate change, eutrophication, and habitat destruction), especially to study the impacts on niche shift and conservatism.

Lymphoid differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells requires efficient Cxcr4 desensitization.

The CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling exerts a dominant role in promoting hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) retention and quiescence in bone marrow. Gain-of-function mutations that affect homologous desensitization of the receptor have been reported in the WHIM Syndrome (WS), a rare immunodeficiency characterized by lymphopenia. The mechanisms underpinning this remain obscure.

Eye bank prepared versus surgeon cut endothelial graft tissue for Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty: An observational study.

The purpose of this article is to examine outcomes of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) performed with cornea bank (CB) prestripped tissue and surgeon stripped tissue (SST).This retrospective study examined subjects who underwent DMEK with CB or surgeon prepared tissue for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), corneal thickness, endothelial cell count (ECC), and complications were examined before and throughout a 6-month postoperative period.

Species of Metarhizium anisopliae complex implicated in human infections: retrospective sequencing study.

Objectives: Fungi belonging to the Metarhizium anisopliae complex comprise ubiquitous arthropod pathogenic moulds used as mycopesticides. Rare cases of human infections due to M. anisopliae have been reported.

The dual role of thiourea in the thiotrifluoromethylation of alkenes.

Alkenes substituted with a thiourea undergo C-CF followed by intramolecular C-S bond formation with the Togni reagent and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) at room temperature; thiols and thioamides are not suitable S-sources for this reaction. This anti-addition process involves a CF radical, and affords CF-substituted thiazolines and thiazines for medicinal applications. A metal or photoredox catalyst is not required as the thiourea acts as a reductant, as well as serving as an S-source capable of adding to a C-centered radical.

Improvement of skin whitening agents efficiency through encapsulation: Current state of knowledge.

Hyperpigmentation is one of the most common skin disorder that affects both men and women of all ethnic groups, caused by several factors, such as UV exposure and skin inflammation. Topical whitening agents were found to be the best and the least aggressive therapy for treating hyperpigmentation compared to instrumental approaches. However, topical treatment faces several obstacles due to the low stability of the whitening agents.

Fast 'Operando' electron nanotomography.

Electron tomography in transmission electron microscopy provides valuable three-dimensional structural, morphological and chemical information of condensed matter at nanoscale. Current image acquisitions require at least tens of minutes, which prohibits the analysis of nano-objects evolving rapidly such as under dynamic environmental conditions. Reducing the acquisition duration to tens of seconds or less permits to follow in 3D the same object during its evolution under varying temperatures and pressures.

Patterns of Polymorphism at the Self-Incompatibility Locus in 1,083 Arabidopsis thaliana Genomes.

Although the transition to selfing in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana involved the loss of the self-incompatibility (SI) system, it clearly did not occur due to the fixation of a single inactivating mutation at the locus determining the specificities of SI (the S-locus). At least three groups of divergent haplotypes (haplogroups), corresponding to ancient functional S-alleles, have been maintained at this locus, and extensive functional studies have shown that all three carry distinct inactivating mutations. However, the historical process of loss of SI is not well understood, in particular its relation with the last glaciation.

[Therapeutic adherence in asthma in France: A general review].

Introduction: Adherence in asthma is a paramount issue of disease management. A general review of the French publications on this topic has been conducted.

Methods: Research equations used for bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, Science Direct, Banque de données en santé publique, Cochrane and Cairn.

Physical exercise rescues defective neural stem cells and neurogenesis in the adult subventricular zone of Btg1 knockout mice.

Adult neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ), where glia-like stem cells generate new neurons. Voluntary running is a powerful neurogenic stimulus triggering the proliferation of progenitor cells in the DG but, apparently, not in the SVZ. The antiproliferative gene Btg1 maintains the quiescence of DG and SVZ stem cells.

Repeated short climatic change affects the epidermal differentiation program and leads to matrix remodeling in a human organotypic skin model.

Human skin is subject to frequent changes in ambient temperature and humidity and needs to cope with these environmental modifications. To decipher the molecular response of human skin to repeated climatic change, a versatile model of skin equivalent subject to "hot-wet" (40°C, 80% relative humidity [RH]) or "cold-dry" (10°C, 40% RH) climatic stress repeated daily was used. To obtain an exhaustive view of the molecular mechanisms elicited by climatic change, large-scale gene expression DNA microarray analysis was performed and modulated function was determined by bioinformatic annotation.

NKp30 isoforms and NKp30 ligands are predictive biomarkers of response to imatinib mesylate in metastatic GIST patients.

Despite effective targeted therapy acting on and tyrosine kinases, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) escape treatment by acquiring mutations conveying resistance to imatinib mesylate (IM). Following the identification of NKp30-based immunosurveillance of GIST and the off-target effects of IM on NK cell functions, we investigated the predictive value of NKp30 isoforms and NKp30 soluble ligands in blood for the clinical response to IM. The relative expression and the proportions of NKp30 isoforms markedly impacted both event-free and overall survival, in two independent cohorts of metastatic GIST.

[Surgical correction of post-vertebroplasty kyphosis by pedicle substraction osteotomy. Regarding three cases].

We report a case of three patients treated with pedicle subtraction osteotomy for post-vertebroplasty kyphosis. These patients were initially treated with a vertebroplasty for vertebral fracture (two cases) and spinal lymphoma (1 case). All of these patients worsened progressively on a clinical and radiographic level with progression of the spinal deformity in the form of kyphosis.

A critical issue in model-based inference for studying trait-based community assembly and a solution.

Statistical testing of trait-environment association from data is a challenge as there is no common unit of observation: the trait is observed on species, the environment on sites and the mediating abundance on species-site combinations. A number of correlation-based methods, such as the community weighted trait means method (CWM), the fourth-corner correlation method and the multivariate method RLQ, have been proposed to estimate such trait-environment associations. In these methods, valid statistical testing proceeds by performing two separate resampling tests, one site-based and the other species-based and by assessing significance by the largest of the two -values (the test).

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Role of brain imaging for Parkinsonism T brain MRI is normal in Pakinson's disease. Brain MRI is useless when clinical presentation is typical of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Brain MRI is the exam of choice for differentiating idiopathic Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonism.

Allocation strategies of savanna and forest tree seedlings in response to fire and shading: outcomes of a field experiment.

The forest-savanna ecotone may be very sharp in fire-prone areas. Fire and competition for light play key roles in its maintenance, as forest and savanna tree seedlings are quickly excluded from the other ecosystem. We hypothesized a tradeoff between seedling traits linked to fire resistance and to competition for light to explain these exclusions.

Antenatal manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism: prenatal imaging findings.

Prenatal manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are related to severe disorders involving metabolic pathways active in the fetal period and not compensated by maternal or placental metabolism. Some prenatal imaging findings can be suggestive of such conditions-especially in cases of consanguinity and/or recurrence of symptoms-after exclusion of the most frequent nonmetabolic etiologies. Most of these prenatal imaging findings are nonspecific.