[Cardiomyopathy in liver cirrhosis--an undiagnosed entity?].

Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is a condition recently known in liver cirrhosis consisting of systolic dysfunction to stress factors, diastolic dysfunction and electrophysiological abnormalities in the absence of cardiac disease. The prevalence of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy remains unknown until now. It can be diagnosed by using a combination of electrocardiograph, 2-dimensional echocardiography, and various serum markers (brain natriuretic factor--BNP, proBNP, TnI).

[Importance of Klinefelter syndrome in the pathogenesis of male infertility].

Unlabelled: Klinefelter syndrome, the most knowning hipergonadotrophic hypogonadism, is associated typically with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (47,XXY. The signs and symptoms of these conditions typically become more severe as the number of X chromosomes increases.

Aim: To preveal the role of Klinefelter syndrome in pathogenesis of male infertility.

[Caliceal stones:What did we learned after 10 years of ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy)].

Since its first clinical application in 1980, the indication of ESWL has rapidly extended from renal pelvis stones to almost all urinary stones. The authors discuss about their experience accumulated in the past ten years, when 476 patients with caliceal stones were treated by ESWL. The global stone free rate was 60.