An Integrated Platform for in vivo Electrophysiology in Spatial Cognition Experiments.

Spatial cognition research requires behavioral paradigms that can distinguish between different navigational elements, such as allocentric (map-like) navigation and egocentric (e.g., body centered) navigation.

Specific 50-kHz vocalizations are tightly linked to particular types of behavior in juvenile rats anticipating play.

Rat ultrasonic vocalizations have been suggested to be either a byproduct of physical movement or, in the case of 50-kHz calls, a means to communicate positive affect. Yet there are up to 14 distinct types of 50-kHz calls, raising issues for both explanations. To discriminate between these theories and address the purpose for the numerous 50-kHz call types, we studied single juvenile rats that were waiting to play with a partner, a situation associated with a high number of 50-kHz calls.

"None Must Meddle Betueene Man and Wife": assessing family and the fluidity of public and private in early modern Scotland.

The physical and ideological boundaries between public and private in early modern Scotland were constantly contested, resulting in a shifting reality of what was public and private. This fluidity has been recognized by historians, but how, when, and why the shifting took place is not as clear. The moral church courts (Kirk Sessions) of Reformation Scotland allow a unique opportunity to begin to understand the largely elusive boundaries between public and private in the early modern era.

Growth and development of Brassica genotypes differing in endogenous gibberellin content. II. Gibberellin content, growth analyses and cell size.

Three rapid cycling Brassica rapa genotypes were grown in greenhouse conditions to investigate the possible relationships between endogenous gibberellin (GA) content and shoot growth. Endogenous GA(1) GA(3) and GA(20) were extracted from stem samples harvested at 3 weekly intervals and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring, using [(2) H(2) ]-GA(1) and [(2) H(2) ]-GA(20) as quantitative internal standards. During the first 2 weeks, GA levels of the dwarf, rosette (ros), averaged 36% of levels in normal plants (on a per stem basis).

Growth and development of Brassica genotypes differing in endogenous gibberellin content. I. Leaf and reproductive development.

Leaf and reproductive development were compared in 3 rapid cycling Brassica rapa genotypes grown for 4 weeks under greenhouse conditions. The dwarf mutant, rosette (ros), is gibberellin (GA)-deficient, while the tall mutant, elongated internode (ein), has enhanced endogenous GA levels. Germination was delayed in ros and a selection of a more severe form of ros, named dormant (do), has even more retarded germination and some seeds entirely fail to germinate.