Effect of Artificial Intelligence Helpfulness and Uncertainty on Cognitive Interactions with Pharmacists: Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Clinical decision support systems leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly integrated into health care practices, including pharmacy medication verification. Communicating uncertainty in an AI prediction is viewed as an important mechanism for boosting human collaboration and trust. Yet, little is known about the effects on human cognition as a result of interacting with such types of AI advice.

Investigating the Efficacy of the Web-Based Common Elements Toolbox (COMET) Single-Session Interventions in Improving UK University Student Well-Being: Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Mental health problems in university students are associated with many negative outcomes, yet there is a gap between need and timely access to help. Single-session interventions (SSIs) are designed to be scalable and accessible, delivering core evidence-based intervention components within a one-off encounter.

Objective: COMET (Common Elements Toolbox) is an online self-help SSI that includes behavioral activation, cognitive restructuring, gratitude, and self-compassion.

An mHealth Intervention With Financial Incentives to Promote Smoking Cessation and Physical Activity Among Black Adults: Protocol for a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Black adults in the United States experience disproportionately high rates of tobacco- and obesity-related diseases, driven in part by disparities in smoking cessation and physical activity. Smartphone-based interventions with financial incentives offer a scalable solution to address these health disparities.

Objective: This study aims to assess the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a mobile health intervention that provides financial incentives for smoking cessation and physical activity among Black adults.

Serum Tissue Plasminogen Activator After Cycling with Blood Flow Restriction.

Blood flow restriction exercise (BFRE) is a therapeutic approach traditionally used to facilitate muscular strength and hypertrophy. Emerging evidence has identified its benefits on other systems and metabolic processes. The emphasis of this study was to examine potential impact of BFRE on serum levels of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).

Electronic Health Record Data Collection Practices to Advance Standardization and Interoperability of Patient Preferences for Interpretation Services: Qualitative Study.

Background: Poor health outcomes are well documented among patients with a non-English language preference (NELP). The use of interpreters can improve the quality of care for patients with NELP. Despite a growing and unmet need for interpretation services in the US health care system, rates of interpreter use in the care setting are consistently low.

Emphasis on Financial vs Nonfinancial Criteria in Employer Benefits' Measurements.

Importance: Few studies have examined the extent to which employers emphasize financial over nonfinancial criteria in measurement, reporting, and decision-making about health care benefits.

Objective: To measure and identify factors associated with financial over nonfinancial emphasis in employer decision-making about health benefits.

Design, Setting, And Participants: A survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of US employers to assess the extent of employers' emphasis on benefits plans' costs over member experience, access to care, and equity, and on financial vs other considerations when choosing third-party benefits administrators.

Discontinuation and Reinitiation of Dual-Labeled GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Among US Adults With Overweight or Obesity.

Importance: Adherence to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) is important for their effectiveness. Discontinuation and reinitiation patterns are not well understood.

Objective: To describe rates of and factors associated with discontinuation and subsequent reinitiation of GLP-1 RAs among adults with overweight or obesity.

Adverse Prehospital Events and Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury.

Importance: While national guidelines recommend avoidance of hypoxia, hypotension, and hypocarbia in the prehospital care of traumatic brain injury (TBI), limited data validate the association of these adverse physiologic events with TBI outcomes.

Objective: To validate the associations of prehospital hypoxia, hypotension, and hypocarbia with TBI outcomes in a US national trauma network.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study examined data from 8 level I trauma centers and their affiliated ground and air emergency medical services (EMS) agencies in the Linking Investigations in Trauma and Emergency Services (LITES) Network from January 1, 2017, to June 30, 2021.

Proteomic Analyses in COVID-19-Associated Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.

Context: COVID-19 has been associated with features of a cytokine storm syndrome with some patients sharing features with the hyperinflammatory disorder, secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH).

Hypothesis: We hypothesized that proteins associated with sHLH from other causes will be associated with COVID-sHLH and that subjects with fatal COVID-sHLH would have defects in immune-related pathways.

Methods And Models: We identified two cohorts of adult patients presenting with COVID-19 at two tertiary care hospitals in Seattle, Washington in 2020 and 2021.

Chiral Methylbenzylpyridinium-Based Organic-Inorganic Lead Halides for Water-Resistant Photoluminescence Materials.

Chiral organic-inorganic metal halide (OIMH) materials are gaining increasing attention as candidates for asymmetric materials due to their unique photoelectric, chiral optic, and spintronic properties. The introduction of chirality into OIMHs is usually achieved by the use of chiral organic cations, while previous studies often focus on primary ammonium cations derived from commercially available chiral amines, limiting the tunability of the OIMH materials. Herein, we report the use of Zincke reactions to synthesize chiral N-substituted pyridinium salts, namely, (R)/(S)-methylbenzylpyridinium (/-MBnP) chloride and the corresponding 1D chiral OIMHs, (/-MBnP)PbX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I).

Stochasticity in dietary restriction-mediated lifespan outcomes in Drosophila.

Dietary restriction (DR) is widely considered to be one of the most potent approaches to extend healthy lifespan across various species, yet it has become increasingly apparent that DR-mediated longevity is influenced by biological and non-biological factors. We propose that current priorities in the field should include understanding the relative contributions of these factors to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of DR. Our work conducted in two laboratories represents an attempt to unify DR protocols in Drosophila and to investigate the stochastic effects of DR.

Effects of Early-life PFAS Exposure on Child Neurodevelopment: A Review of the Evidence and Research gaps.

Purpose Of Review: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent chemicals with many modern applications, leading to widespread contamination and universal human exposure. PFAS exposure during early life is of particular concern, given susceptibility of the developing fetal and infant brain to toxic exposures. This review aims to synthesize current evidence, discuss methodological challenges, and highlight research gaps to guide future studies on the impact of PFAS on neurodevelopment.

Interparental Relationship Discord and Adolescent Psychopathology in a United States Probability Sample.

Exposure to interparental conflict and poor parental relationship adjustment (i.e., interparental relationship discord) has been associated with children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms throughout childhood and later life.

Workforce Diversity in Sports Medicine: Analysis of Recent Trends Relative to the US Population.

This was a cross-sectional study of sports medicine fellows from previous (2010-2015) and contemporary (2016-2021) training periods. There were 2315 trainees from family medicine (FM, 85%), 261 trainees from physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR, 10%), and 133 trainees from emergency medicine (EM, 5%). PMR had the highest female and Asian trainee representation while FM had the highest Black trainee representation.

Drug Decriminalization and Fatal Traffic Crashes: Evidence From BM110 in Oregon.

Oregon Ballot Measure 110 (BM 110) reduced the penalties for non-commercial possession of a controlled substance, downgrading them from a felony or misdemeanor to a new Class E violation, punishable by a maximum $100 fine. In this paper, we investigate whether BM 110 was associated with changes in drug-related fatal traffic crashes in Oregon after its implementation in February 2021. To do so, we used Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data from 2018 to 2021 to calculate population-adjusted state-level drug-related fatal traffic crashes.

Gestational arsenite exposure alters maternal postpartum heart size and induces Ca-handling dysregulation in cardiomyocytes.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in the US. Studies suggest a role for environmental exposures in the etiology of cardiovascular disease, including exposure to arsenic through drinking water. Arsenic exposure during pregnancy has been shown to have effects on offspring, but few studies have examined impacts on maternal cardiovascular health.

Hippocampal neuronal loss and cognitive decline in LATE-NC and ADNC among community-dwelling older persons.

Introduction: This study investigates the inter-related roles of hippocampal neuronal loss (HNL), limbic-predominant age-related TAR-DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) encephalopathy neuropathologic changes (LATE-NC), and Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic changes (ADNC) on cognitive decline.

Methods: Participants underwent annual cognitive testing and autopsy. HNL, ADNC, LATE-NC, and other age-related pathologies were evaluated.

A 3D Self-Assembly Platform Integrating Decellularized Matrix Recapitulates In Vivo Tumor Phenotypes and Heterogeneity.

Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell culture models are invaluable tools for investigating the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, analyzing the impact of critical stromal elements, such as extracellular matrix (ECM), remains a challenge. Here, we developed a hydrogel-free self-assembly platform to establish ECM-rich 3D "MatriSpheres" to deconvolute cancer cell-ECM interactions.

Screening for Endocrine Bioactivity Potential of Tobacco Product Chemicals Including Flavor Chemicals.

Adolescence and pregnancy involve elevated levels of hormones (e.g., estrogen, androgen) during which exposure to endocrine disruptors could have long-term developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) effects.

Repeated cycles of binge-like ethanol consumption and abstinence alter neuropeptide mRNA in prefrontal and insular cortex, amygdala, and lateral hypothalamus of male and female C57BL/6J mice.

Background: Binge drinking is a risky pattern of alcohol (ethanol) consumption associated with a variety of negative outcomes, including the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Many neuropeptide systems are thought to become dysregulated in AUD; however, whether repeated cycles of binge-like ethanol consumption and abstinence following binge-like drinking alter neuropeptide mRNA in key brain regions, such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), insular cortex (IC), amygdala, and lateral hypothalamus (LH), remains unknown.

Methods: Male and female mice underwent 0, 3, or 6 cycles of binge-like ethanol consumption using the "Drinking in the Dark" (DID) paradigm.

Photoacids and Photobases: Applications in Functional Dynamic Systems.

Brønsted photoacids and photobases are a unique class of molecules that undergo a major change in their pK values between their ground and excited states, resulting in donating or accepting a proton, respectively, but only after light excitation. This property of photoacids/photobases makes them an attractive tool for light-gating various dynamic processes. Here, we review the use of this property to manipulate functional dynamic systems with light.

Role of Kctd13 in modulating AR and SOX9 expression in different penile cell populations.

Objective: Micropenis is a condition with significant physical and psychological implications caused mainly by decreased androgen action in penile development. Kctd13-knockout (Kctd13-KO) mice have micropenis, cryptorchidism, and fertility defects because of reduced levels of androgen receptor (AR) and SOX9. We hypothesized that normalizing the levels of AR and SOX9 in the Kctd13-KO penis could help us to understand the mechanism of action of these signaling pathways on penile development.

Divergent Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Sulfated Ganglio-Oligosaccharides for Probing Ligand Requirements of Glycan Binding Proteins.

Sulfoglycolipids are an important class of acidic glycosphingolipids implicated in a multitude of biological processes. Little is known about the interactome of sulfated gangliosides, and it is not well understood how a possible interplay between sialylation and sulfation influences molecular recognition. We describe a chemoenzymatic strategy that readily provided a panel of twenty-one sulfated and sialylated ganglio-oligosaccharides.

Elucidating the Molecular Landscape of Cystic Kidney Disease: Old Friends, New Friends and Some Surprises.

Cystic kidney diseases (CyKD) are a diverse group of disorders affecting more than 1 in 1000 individuals. Over 120 genes are implicated, primarily encoding components of the primary cilium, transcription factors, and morphogens. Prognosis varies greatly by molecular diagnosis.