Regulation of human Th9 cell differentiation by lipid modulators targeting PPAR-γ and acetyl-CoA-carboxylase 1.

CD4 T cell activation induces dramatic changes to cellular metabolism for supporting their growth and differentiation into effector subsets. While the cytokines IL-4, TGF-β and IL-21 promote differentiation into Th9 cells, metabolic factors regulating this process remain poorly understood. To assess the role of lipid metabolism in human Th9 cell differentiation, naïve CD4 T cells were purified from blood of healthy volunteers and cultured in the presence or absence of compounds targeting PPAR-γ, acetyl-CoA-carboxylase 1 (ACC1), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) for four days.

The role of mitochondria in aging, cell death, and tumor immunity.

Mitochondria are essential double-membrane organelles with intricate structures and diverse functions within cells. Under normal physiological conditions, mitochondria regulate cellular metabolism and maintain energy homeostasis via the electron transport chain, mediate stem cell fate, and modulate reactive oxygen species production, playing a pivotal role in energy supply and lifespan extension. However, mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to various pathological changes, including cellular aging, necrosis, dysregulated tumor immunity, and the initiation and progression of cancer.

Elevated levels of exogenous prolactin promote inflammation at the maternal-fetal interface via the JAK2/STAT5B signaling axis.

The placenta is a unique organ with various immunological and endocrinological roles that modulate maternal and fetal physiology to promote maternal-fetal tolerance, pregnancy maintenance, and parturition at term. During pregnancy, the hormone prolactin (PRL) is constitutively secreted by the placenta and is necessary for implantation, progesterone support, fetal development, and overall immune modulation. While PRL is essential for pregnancy, studies suggest that elevated levels of serum PRL (hyperprolactinemia) are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage, preterm birth, and preeclampsia.

Geny: a genotyping tool for allelic decomposition of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes.

Introduction: Accurate genotyping of Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) genes plays a pivotal role in enhancing our understanding of innate immune responses, disease correlations, and the advancement of personalized medicine. However, due to the high variability of the KIR region and high level of sequence similarity among different KIR genes, the generic genotyping workflows are unable to accurately infer copy numbers and complete genotypes of individual KIR genes from next-generation sequencing data. Thus, specialized genotyping tools are needed to genotype this complex region.

STZ-induced hyperglycemia differentially influences mitochondrial distribution and morphology in the habenulointerpeduncular circuit.

Introduction: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder of glucose homeostasis that is a significant risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, as well as mood disorders, which often precede neurodegenerative conditions. We examined the medial habenulainterpeduncular nucleus (MHb-IPN), as this circuit plays crucial roles in mood regulation, has been linked to the development of diabetes after smoking, and is rich in cholinergic neurons, which are affected in other brain areas in Alzheimer's disease.

Methods: This study aimed to investigate the impact of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia, a type 1 diabetes model, on mitochondrial and lipid homeostasis in 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed sections from the MHb and IPN of C57BL/6 J male mice, using a recently developed automated pipeline for mitochondrial analysis in confocal images.

A novel anxiety-associated SNP identified in () is associated with decreased protein binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Introduction: Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental illnesses in the US. An estimated 31.1% of U.

Analysis of goal, feedback and rewards on sustained attention via machine learning.

Introduction: Sustaining attention is a notoriously difficult task as shown in a recent experiment where reaction times (RTs) and pupillometry data were recorded from 350 subjects in a 30-min vigilance task. Subjects were also presented with different types of goal, feedback, and reward.

Methods: In this study, we revisit this experimental data and solve three families of machine learning problems: (i) RT-regression problems, to predict subjects' RTs using all available data, (ii) RT-classification problems, to classify responses more broadly as attentive, semi-attentive, and inattentive, and (iii) to predict the subjects' experimental conditions from physiological data.

Trauma and the default mode network: review and exploratory study.

While PTSD continues to be researched in great depth, less attention has been given to the continuum of traumatic responses that resides outside this diagnosis. This investigation begins with a literature review examining the spectrum of responses through the lens of the default mode network (DMN). To build upon this literature, a systematic exploratory study was incorporated, examining DMN-related neuropsychological functioning of 27 participants (16 trauma-exposed, and 11 non-trauma-exposed), with a subset (15 participants) completing neuroimaging.

The role of brainstem biopsy and targeted therapies in pediatric diffuse midline glioma/diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.

Pediatric diffuse midline glioma (DMG), including diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), are aggressive brainstem tumors with a dire prognosis, traditionally diagnosed based on MRI characteristics. The recognition that molecular characteristics may determine prognosis and response to therapy has led to a reevaluation of biopsy necessity. This comprehensive review addresses the evolving role of brainstem biopsies in diagnosing and managing these tumors - both within the context of a clinical trial and in routine clinical care.

Small-molecule MMRi36 induces apoptosis in p53-mutant lymphomas by targeting MDM2/MDM4/XIAP for degradation.

Rituximab combined with systemic chemotherapy significantly improves the rate of complete response in B-cell lymphomas. However, acquired rituximab resistance develops in most patients leading to relapse. The mechanisms underlying rituximab resistance are not well-understood.

The literacy barrier in clinical trial consents: a retrospective analysis.

Background: Historically, the readability of consent forms in medicine have been above the average reading level of patients. This can create challenges in obtaining truly informed consent, but the implications on clinical trial participant retention are not fully explored. To address this gap, we seek to analyze clinical trial consent forms by determining their readability and relationship with the associated trial's participant dropout rate.

Once daily Bromelain-based enzymatic debridement of venous leg ulcers versus gel vehicle (placebo) and non-surgical standard of care: a three-arm multicenter, double blinded, randomized controlled study.

Background: Debridement is considered the first step in treatment of chronic wounds, however, current enzymatic and autolytic debridement agents are slow or ineffective. Previous studies have shown positive initial results with EscharEx® (EX-02 formulation), a Bromelain-based enzymatic debridement agent in development for chronic wounds. The main objective of this study was to assess its efficacy in debriding venous leg ulcers (VLU), compared to gel vehicle (GV) as a placebo control and to non-surgical standard of care (NSSOC).

Social Determinants of Sepsis Mortality in the United States: A Retrospective, Epidemiologic Analysis.

Objective: To determine whether neighborhood-level social determinants of health (SDoH) influence mortality following sepsis in the United States.

Study Setting And Design: Retrospective analysis of data from 4.4 million hospitalized patients diagnosed with sepsis, identified using International Classification of Diseases-10 codes, across the United States.

The Impact of Evolving Endometriosis Guidelines on Diagnosis and Observational Health Studies.

Study Question: Do recent changes in European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) clinical guidelines result in more comprehensive diagnosis of women with endometriosis?

Summary Answer: The latest shift in clinical guidelines results in diagnosis of more women with endometriosis but current ESHRE diagnostic criteria do not capture a sizable percentage of women with the disease.

What Is Known Already: Historically, laparoscopy was the gold standard for diagnosing endometriosis, a complex gynecological condition marked by a heterogeneous set of symptoms that vary widely among women. More recently, changes in clinical guidelines have shifted to incorporate imaging-based approaches such as transvaginal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Sex Disparities in Cognitive Impairment Research: A Scoping Review in Informatics Literature.

Rationale: A scoping review was conducted to investigate knowledge gaps in the informatics research literature regarding sex differences in cognitive decline, identifying existing studies and areas where further studies are needed.

Materials And Methods: We searched Ovid and other databases for studies on sex differences and cognitive decline, focusing on publications in peer-reviewed informatics journals and conference proceedings from 2000 to 2023. The selected manuscripts were analyzed and summarized through discussion among three reviewers.

Exploring RSV transmission patterns in different age groups in the United States.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are a significant public health concern for pediatric populations and older adults, with seasonal winter outbreaks in the United States (US). Little is known about the timing of RSV epidemics across age groups and the relative contribution of within-group and between-group transmission of RSV in each age group. The lack of understanding of age-specific RSV transmission patterns limits our ability to inform vaccination policies.

Functional imaging derived ADHD biotypes based on deep clustering: a study on personalized medication therapy guidance.

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder with childhood onset, however, there is no clear correspondence established between clinical ADHD subtypes and primary medications. Identifying objective and reliable neuroimaging markers for categorizing ADHD biotypes may lead to more individualized, biotype-guided treatment.

Methods: Here we proposed a graph convolution network for biological subtype detection (GCN-BSD) using both functional network connectivity (FNC) and non-imaging phenotypic data for ADHD biotype.

Climate change, migration, and health: perspectives from Latin America and the Caribbean.

This article delves into the complex relationship between climate change, migration patterns, and health outcomes in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). While the severe impact of climate change on health in LAC is widely acknowledged, the article sheds light on the often-overlooked multiple effects on migration and the well-being of migrants. These impacts encompass poverty, food and water insecurity, and adverse physical and mental health outcomes.

Corrigendum to "Image-guided superficial radiation therapy has superior 2-year recurrence probability to Mohs micrographic surgery" [Clin. Transl. Radiat. Oncol. 43 (2023) 100678].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.

Transforming tennis with artificial intelligence: a bibliometric review.

The aim of this study was to conduct a scoping and bibliometric review of articles using artificial intelligence (AI) in tennis. The analysis covered various aspects of tennis, including performance, health, match results, physiological data, tennis expenditure, and prize amounts. Articles on AI in tennis published until 2024 were retrieved from the Web of Science database.

The experiences of attending an international veteran sporting competition and preparatory camp for Team Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian conflict.

Introduction: This article offers unique insight into Team Ukraine's experiences of attending an international sporting event for veterans living with disability and injured active-duty personnel (the United States' Department of Defense Warrior Games, "The Games") and a 5-week preparatory camp in the United Kingdom (UK).

Methods: A survey gathered qualitative data at three time points: during the second and final week of training camp, and the in the two weeks immediately following participation at The Games. Forty-four out of 55 members of Team Ukraine (including veterans, active-duty personnel, support staff, and family members) provided responses in Survey 1, 20 in Survey 2, and 18 in Survey 3.

Cysimiditides: RiPPs with a Zn-Tetracysteine Motif and Aspartimidylation.

Aspartimidylation is a post-translational modification found in multiple families of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). We recently reported on the imiditides, a new RiPP family in which aspartimidylation is the class-defining modification. Imiditide biosynthetic gene clusters encode a precursor protein and a methyltransferase that methylates a specific Asp residue, converting it to aspartimide.

2024 Lectureship runners-up: Maxx Arguilla, University of California, Irvine, United States, and Phillip Milner, Cornell University, United States.

Congratulations to our 2024 Lectureship runners-up: Dr Maxx Arguilla and Dr Phillip Milner.

Relationship between service receipt during the COVID-19 pandemic and autistic children's multisystem outcomes and autism severity: A SPARK dataset analysis.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display a variety of core and co-occurring difficulties in social, communication, everyday functioning, cognitive, motor, and language domains. Receiving a combination of services to accommodate needs of autistic individuals is essential for improving their future outcomes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, reduced service access negatively impacted autistic children's outcomes.

2024 Lectureship winner: Raphaële Clément, University of California, Santa Barbara, United States.

Congratulations to Dr Raphaële Clément, University of California, Santa Barbara, United States, for being selected as the recipient of the 2024 Lectureship.