Longitudinal study shows that addictive Internet use during adolescence was associated with heavy drinking and smoking cigarettes in early adulthood.

Aim: Existing studies showing an association between substance use disorders and Internet addiction have been limited due their cross-sectional design. This longitudinal study investigated the association between addictive Internet use during adolescence and heavy drinking and cigarette smoking in early adulthood.

Methods: We focused on middle school students from the Korea Youth Panel Study who were 15 in 2003:1804 who did not drink alcohol and 2277 who did not smoke.

Analysis of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Use in the Treatment of Lumbar Degenerative Spondylolisthesis.

 Retrospective database review.  To identify trends of the recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) use in the treatment of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (LDS).  PearlDiver Patient Record Database was used to identify patients who underwent lumbar fusion for LDS between 2005 and 2011.

Complications Related to the Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Use in Posterior Cervical Fusion.

Study Design: A retrospective cohort study.

Objective: To compare the complications between posterior cervical fusions with and without recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2).

Summary Of Background Data: Use of rhBMP2 in anterior cervical spinal fusion procedures can lead to potential complications such as neck edema, resulting in airway complications or neurological compression.

Trends of Posterior Long Segment Fusion with and without Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 in Patients with Scoliosis.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Objective: Symptomatic scoliosis can be a source of severe pain and disability. When nonoperative treatments fail, spine fusion is considered as an effective procedure in scoliosis management.

Synthetic bone graft versus autograft or allograft for spinal fusion: a systematic review.

The purpose of this review was to compare the efficacy and safety of synthetic bone graft substitutes versus autograft or allograft for the treatment of lumbar and cervical spinal degenerative diseases. Multiple major medical reference databases were searched for studies that evaluated spinal fusion using synthetic bone graft substitutes (either alone or with an autograft or allograft) compared with autograft and allograft. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and cohort studies with more than 10 patients were included.

Results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2012-14 in Thailand, India, South Korea and Singapore.

Objectives: To provide susceptibility data for community-acquired respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis collected in 2012-14 from four Asian countries.

Methods: MICs were determined using Etest(®) for all antibiotics except erythromycin, which was evaluated by disc diffusion. Susceptibility was assessed using CLSI, EUCAST and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints.

In vitro augmented photodynamic bactericidal activity of tetracycline and chitosan against Clostridium difficile KCTC5009 in the planktonic cultures.

Infection with Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) causes a severe colitis with high recurrence. Treatment of C.

Retrieval of unintended migrated detached coil: case report.

Owing to the rapid development of intervention techniques and devices, endovascular coil embolization of cerebral arteries has become standardized. It is particularly preferred when a patient presents with an unruptured intracranial aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery (PcomA). However, the risk of thrombogenic complications of the coil migration may also result in a large cerebral infarction.

Endovascular treatment of the distal internal carotid artery large aneurysm.

Objective: According to the development of endovascular technique and devices, larger aneurysms on the distal internal carotid artery (ICA) can be treated using a less invasive method. The authors report on clinical and angiographic outcomes of these aneurysms treated using an endovascular technique.

Materials And Methods: Data on 21 patients with large aneurysms at distal ICA treated by endovascular method between January 2005 and December 2012 were included in this retrospective analysis.

Synergistic in vitro photodynamic antimicrobial activity of methylene blue and chitosan against Helicobacter pylori 26695.

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method for killing cells (bacterial, fungal and cancer cells) or virus using photosensitizers (PS) and light of various wavelengths. In vitro PDT using endoscopic light against H. pylori was effective at a concentration of 0.

Usefulness of intraoperative real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography for pre-procedural evaluation of mitral valve cleft: a case report.

A precise pre-procedural evaluation of mitral valve (MV) pathology is essential for planning the surgical strategy for severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and preparing for the intraoperative procedure. In the present case, a 38-year-old woman was scheduled to undergo MV replacement due to severe MR. She had a history of undergoing percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty due to rheumatic mitral stenosis during a previous pregnancy.

High glucose-induced oxidative stress promotes autophagy through mitochondrial damage in rat notochordal cells.

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stressors, play a key role in autophagy of diabetes-associated diseases. Mitochondria are known to be the main source of endogenous ROS in most mammalian cell types.

Dose- and time-dependent effect of high glucose concentration on viability of notochordal cells and expression of matrix degrading and fibrotic enzymes.

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus is an important aetiological factor in intervertebral disc degeneration. The disappearance of notochordal cells in the nucleus pulposus is thought to be the starting point for intervertebral disc degeneration. A cellular effect of diabetes mellitus on apoptosis of notochordal cells and intervertebral disc degeneration has been recently reported.

Early superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass in acute ischemic stroke.

Objective: To evaluate the effects and safety of superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis in the early stage after an acute ischemic event and the improvement of present symptoms in patients with intracranial atherosclerotic occlusive disease with stroke/stroke in progress.

Methods: From 2006 to 2010, 20 patients (15 males and five females) with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease were treated with an STA-MCA bypass. All of the patients presented with an acute ischemic stroke or stroke in progress despite maximal medical treatment.

[DNA double strand breaks in gastric epithelium with Helicobacter pylori infection].

Background/aims: DNA double strand breaks (DSB) is one of the critical types of DNA damage. If unrepaired, DSB is accumulated in the nucleus of cells, the cells become apoptotic or transform to tumor by way of genomic instability. Some of malignant cancers and its premalignant lesions were proven to have DSB in their nuclei.

Postoperative changes of early-phase inflammatory indices after uncomplicated anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using allograft and demineralised bone matrix.

Purposes: We investigated sequential levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in uncomplicated ACDF (anterior cervical discectomy and fusion) using allograft and DBM (demineralised bone matrix) for primary cervical spondylosis and/or disc herniation. To our knowledge, there has been no study to investigate the diagnostic value of CRP and ESR for postoperative infection in ACDF using allograft and DBM.

Methods: Blood samples of 85 patients, who underwent one- (n = 51) or two-level (n = 34) ACDF, were obtained and evaluated before surgery and on the first, third, fifth, seventh, 14th, 30th, and 90th postoperative days.

Helicobacter pylori decreases p27 expression through the delta opioid receptor-mediated inhibition of histone acetylation within the p27 promoter.

Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the decreased expression of the gastric tumour suppressor protein p27. Because transcription of the gene p27 may be regulated epigenetically through histone acetylation, which is mediated by G-protein coupled delta opioid receptor (DOR) stimulation, we examined whether H. pylori regulates the DOR/histone acetylation/p27 promoter pathway.

Cross Pins versus Endobutton Femoral Fixation in Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Minimum 4-Year Follow-Up.

Purpose: We aimed to compare cross-pin fixation and Endobutton femoral fixation for hamstring anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with respect to clinical and radiographic results, including tunnel widening and the progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Materials And Methods: Between August 2002 and August 2005, 126 autogenous hamstring ACL reconstructions were performed using either cross pins or Endobutton for femoral fixation. Fifty-six of 75 patients in the cross-pin group and 35 of 51 patients in the Endobutton group were followed up for a minimum of 4 years.

Long-term follow-up results in 142 adult patients with moyamoya disease according to management modality.

Background: To clarify the most beneficial treatment of the management modality based on our experience with adult moyamoya disease (MMD).

Methods: From 1998 to 2010, clinical results of 142 patients (ischemic, 98; hemorrhagic, 44) with adult MMD were investigated according to management modality. Revascularization surgery (direct, indirect, and combined bypass) was performed in 124 patients.

Pott puffy tumor appearing with a frontocutaneous fistula.

Pott puffy tumor is defined as a forehead-localized swelling with overlying subperiosteal abscess and osteomyelitis of the frontal bone. It is an uncommon disease entity and more rarely reported with its frontocutaneous fistula. We report the unusual case of Pott puffy tumor appearing with a frontocutaneous fistula.

Patellar tracking after total knee arthroplasty performed without lateral release.

There is limited clinical data on patellar maltracking in patients who have undergone total knee arthroplasty (TKA) without lateral release. We performed a retrospective review of 191 consecutive TKAs performed by one surgeon through the subvastus approach without lateral release from 2007 to 2008. Radiographic measurements were made using the preoperative and postoperative 2 years radiographs.

Lymph node compression of the lesser occipital nerve: a cause of migraine.

Recent investigation has focussed on the concept of peripherally triggered migraine headaches caused by compression, irritation or entrapment of the sensory nerves in the head and neck. We report a case of a 52-year-old male suffering from an occipitoparietal migraine that presented with a mass in the right occipital area. The mass was found in the deep layer of subcutaneous tissue just over the semispinalis muscle, sitting on top of the lesser occipital nerve, which was preserved through delicate dissection using loupe magnification.