and phototoxicity on gastric mucosa induced by methylene blue.

Background: Methylene blue (MB) is used endoscopically to demarcate tumors and as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, there are few in vivo studies about its toxicity in healthy stomach tissue. We performed sequential in vitro and in vivo analyses of MB-induced phototoxicity.

Moderating Effects of Depressive Symptoms and Self-Control Trait on the Association Between Problematic Internet Gaming and Time Spent.

This study was performed to examine whether depressive symptoms (DPs) and low self-control (LSC) traits has modifying effects on the association of time spent on Internet gaming and problematic Internet game use (PIGU). Among 1,535 middle school students, 42.1 percent reported playing ≥1.

Use of Autologous Stem Cells in Lumbar Spinal Fusion: A Systematic Review of Current Clinical Evidence.

Study Design: Systematic review.

Objectives: To systematically review, critically appraise and synthesize evidence on use of autologous stem cells sources for fusion in the lumbar spine.

Methods: A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and ClinicalTrials.

Autologous Stem Cells in Cervical Spine Fusion.

Study Design: Systematic review.

Objectives: To systematically review, critically appraise and synthesize evidence on use of stem cells from autologous stem cells from bone marrow aspirate, adipose, or any other autologous sources for fusion in the cervical spine compared with other graft materials.

Methods: A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE was conducted for literature published through October 31, 2018 and through February 20, 2020 for EMBASE and ClinicalTrials.

Development of AOSpine BOnE (Bone Osteobiologics and Evidence) Classification.

Study Design: Classification development.

Objectives: The aim of our study was to develop a 3-tier classification for the levels of evidence for osteobiologics and provide a description of the principles by which osteobiologics can be evaluated. BOnE (Bone Osteobiologics and Evidence) classification evaluates each osteobiologic based on the available evidence, and if the published evidence is based on clinical, in vivo or in vitro studies.

Bactericidal Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Four Tetracyclines against KCTC5009 in Planktonic Cultures.

Surface disinfection in health-care facilities is critical to prevent dissemination of (). Tetracyclines (TCs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are associated with a low risk of development of infection (CDI) and are used as photosensitizers (PS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). We evaluated whether TCs may be useful environmental cleansing agents.

Complications and Risk Factors Using Structural Allograft Versus Synthetic Cage: Analysis 17 783 Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusions Using a National Registry.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Objective: To determine the rates of perioperative complications in patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with allograft versus synthetic cage.

Methods: A large national administrative health care database was queried for ACDF procedures performed between 2007 and 2014 using ICD-9 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 9th revision) and CPT (Current Procedural Terminology) codes.

Cell Therapy for Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: A Systematic Review.

Study Design: Systematic review.

Objective: To review, critically appraise, and synthesize evidence on use of cell therapy for intervertebral disc repair.

Methods: A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE was conducted for literature published through October 31, 2018 and EMBASE and ClinicalTrials.

Trends and Costs of Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: a Comparison of Inpatient And Outpatient Procedures.

Study Design: Epidemiologic Study.

Objectives: To identify the trends in utilization of outpatient discharge for single level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), between 2007 and 2014, and to compare the costs and incidence of complications against a cohort of inpatients.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 18,386 patients from the PearlDiver database from between 2007 and 2014.

Efficacy and Safety of On Demand Clomipramine for the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase III Clinical Trial.

Purpose: The aim of the current trial was to assess the efficacy of on demand clomipramine 15 mg administered before sexual intercourse for the treatment of premature ejaculation.

Materials And Methods: A total of 159 patients at 5 centers in Korea were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The first group of 53 men received placebo and the second group of 106 received clomipramine 15 mg for 12 weeks.

Allograft Versus Demineralized Bone Matrix in Instrumented and Noninstrumented Lumbar Fusion: A Systematic Review.

Study Design: Systematic review.

Objectives: The aim was to determine the fusion efficacy of allograft and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) in lumbar instrumented and noninstrumented fusion procedures for degenerative lumbar disorders.

Methods: A literature search was conducted using the PubMed and Cochrane databases.

Postoperative Complications Associated With rhBMP2 Use in Posterior/Posterolateral Lumbar Fusion.

Study Design: Retrospective database review.

Objective: Posterior/posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF) is an effective treatment for a variety of spinal disorders; however, variations in surgical technique have different complication profiles. The aim of our study was to quantify the frequency of various complications in patients undergoing PLF with and without human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2).

Trends Analysis of rhBMP2 Utilization in Single-Level Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion in the United States.

Study Design: Retrospective case study.

Objective: To evaluate the trends and demographics of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2) utilization in single-level anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) in the United States.

Methods: Patients who underwent single-level ALIF from 2005 to 2011 were identified by searching ICD-9 diagnosis and procedure codes in the PearlDiver Patient Records Database (PearlDiver Technologies, Fort Wayne, IN), a national database of orthopedic insurance records.

Clinical Cell Therapy Guidelines for Neurorestoration (IANR/CANR 2017).

Cell therapy has been shown to be a key clinical therapeutic option for central nervous system diseases or damage. Standardization of clinical cell therapy procedures is an important task for professional associations devoted to cell therapy. The Chinese Branch of the International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR) completed the first set of guidelines governing the clinical application of neurorestoration in 2011.

Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Korea: A multicenter, nationwide study conducted in 2015 and 2016.

Background: The Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research has studied Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) prevalence since 1998 and found a dynamic change in its prevalence in Korea. The aim of this study was to determine the recent H.

Complication Rates in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF) Surgery With Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2: Medicare Population.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study among Medicare beneficiaries who underwent posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) surgery.

Objective: To identify the complication rates associated with the use of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) in PLIF. Human BMP2 is commonly used in the "off-label" manner for various types of spine fusion procedures, including PLIF.

Determining the Lower Limit of Cerebral Perfusion Pressure in Patients Undergoing Decompressive Craniectomy Following Traumatic Brain Injury.

Background: In patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), maintaining systolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg, intracranial pressure (ICP) <20 mm Hg and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) >60-70 mm Hg is recommended to improve clinical outcomes. A recommended CPP value for patients treated with decompressive craniectomy (DC) has not been clearly studied. We aimed to determine whether the targeted CPP can be lowered in patients treated with DC.

Trends, Costs, and Complications of Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion With and Without Bone Morphogenetic Protein in the United States Medicare Population.

Study Design: Retrospective database review.

Objectives: After the Food and Drug Administration approved bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP) in 2002, BMP was used off-label in the cervical spine to increase bone growth and bony fusion. Since then, concerns have been raised regarding complication rates and safety.

Trends and Cost of Posterior Cervical Fusions With and Without Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in the US Medicare Population.

Study Design: Retrospective database review.

Objective: To analyze and report the trends and cost of posterior cervical fusions (PCFs) with and without off-label recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in the Medicare population.

Methods: Patient records from the PearlDiver database were retrospectively reviewed from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2012, to distinguish individuals who underwent a PCF with or without rhBMP-2.

Thymic carcinoma initially presented with geographic destruction of scapula in a child.

As the conventional histopathologic examination of thymic carcinoma (TC) is nonspecific, immunohistochemical studies along with correlative radiographic investigations are needed for its correct diagnosis. TC commonly occurs in the late 5th to early 6th decades of life but is extremely rare in childhood. It may be incidentally detected from chest radiographs taken as routine or for other reasons.

The effect of balance taping for prevention of menstrual pain in female middle school students.

[Purpose] The age at menarche in Korean women has been declining sharply. However, for the students who are just beginning to menstruate, taking pain medication might become a long-term habit continuing until adulthood. Therefore, this study investigated whether balance taping would be more helpful than medication in relieving the pain.

A Retrospective Analysis of Complications Associated With Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 in Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion.

Study Design: Retrospective review.

Objective: The aim of our study was to quantify the frequency of complications associated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) use in anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF).

Methods: The orthopedic subset of the Medicare database (PearlDiver) was queried for this retrospective cohort study using International Statistical Classification of Diseases 9 (ICD-9) and Current Procedure Terminology (CPT) codes for ALIF procedures with and without rhBMP-2 between 2005 and 2010.