The Neuromuscular Portal and Match: Working Toward a More Fair, Equitable, and Transparent Process.

Prior to 2021, the neuromuscular medicine fellowship application process suffered from non-standardized timelines and substantial variability. To rectify this, the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine (AANEM) established a standardized application timeline and an online application portal in 2020-2021, followed by the introduction of a partial match process. In 2021-2022, AANEM launched a traditional, binding, two-way match system for fellowship positions allocation based on the Gale-Shapley stable matching algorithm.

ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Following a Crotalus horridus Envenomation.

Cardiac ischemia or myocardial infarction after pit viper envenomation is rare. Few case reports have been published, none describing cases reported after crotaline snake envenomation in the United States. We report a case of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) occurring in a 73-year-old man after an envenomation by a juvenile canebrake rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus).

Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?

Heart disease and type 2 diabetes are commonly believed to be rare among contemporary subsistence-level human populations, and by extension prehistoric populations. Although some caveats remain, evidence shows these diseases to be unusual among well-studied hunter-gatherers and other subsistence populations with minimal access to healthcare. Here we expand on a relatively new proposal for why these and other populations may not show major signs of these diseases.

Structure and function in the conceptual development of mammalian neuroendocrinology between 1920 and 1965.

With the growing realization in the 1930s that the brain played a crucial role in regulating the secretions of the pituitary gland, neuroendocrinology as we now know it developed from two rather separate directions. One approach relied heavily on morphological techniques to define neurosecretion; a novel, but for many years flawed model that was originally developed to explain the presence of gland-like cells in the diencephalon. During its first 20 years neurosecretion, as a concept, made no significant contribution to our understanding of how the pituitary was controlled.

The functional architecture of dehydration-anorexia.

The anorexia that accompanies the drinking of hypertonic saline (DE-anorexia) is a critical adaptive behavioral mechanism that helps protect the integrity of fluid compartments during extended periods of cellular dehydration. Feeding is rapidly reinstated once drinking water is made available again. The relative simplicity and reproducibility of these behaviors makes DE-anorexia a very useful model for investigating how the various neural networks that control ingestive behaviors first suppress and then reinstate feeding.

Sweet talk in the brain: glucosensing, neural networks, and hypoglycemic counterregulation.

Glucose is the primary fuel for the vast majority of cells, and animals have evolved essential cellular, autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral measures to counteract both hypo- and hyperglycemia. A central component of these counterregulatory mechanisms is the ability of specific sensory elements to detect changes in blood glucose and then use that information to produce appropriate counterregulatory responses. Here we focus on the organization of the neural systems that are engaged by glucosensing mechanisms when blood glucose concentrations fall to levels that pose a physiological threat.

Update on slow aging and negligible senescence--a mini-review.

This review updates developments of the concept of negligible senescence, proposed in Longevity, Senescence, and the Genome in 1990, with new information for turtles, rockfish, and the naked mole-rat. However, centenarians certainly do not show negligible senescence.

The role of hypothalamic ingestive behavior controllers in generating dehydration anorexia: a Fos mapping study.

Giving rats 2.5% saline to drink for 3-5 days simply and reliably generates anorexia. Despite having the neurochemical and hormonal markers of negative energy balance, dehydrated anorexic rats show a marked suppression of spontaneous food intake, as well as the feeding that is usually stimulated by overnight starvation or a 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) challenge.

Factor analysis and psychometric properties of the Mother-Adolescent Sexual Communication (MASC) instrument for sexual risk behavior.

Sexual risk behavior is a public health problem among adolescents living at or below poverty level. Approximately 1 million pregnancies and 3 million cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are reported yearly. Parenting plays a significant role in adolescent behavior, with mother-adolescent sexual communication correlated with absent or delayed sexual behavior.

Neural network interactions and ingestive behavior control during anorexia.

Many models have been proposed over the years to explain how motivated feeding behavior is controlled. One of the most compelling is based on the original concepts of Eliot Stellar whereby sets of interosensory and exterosensory inputs converge on a hypothalamic control network that can either stimulate or inhibit feeding. These inputs arise from information originating in the blood, the viscera, and the telencephalon.

Rapid and preferential activation of Fos protein in hypocretin/orexin neurons following the reversal of dehydration-anorexia.

Dehydration (DE)-anorexia is stimulated by chronic consumption of hypertonic saline. Spontaneous nocturnal food intake is markedly reduced with this treatment but is rapidly reversed upon the return of drinking water. Here we examined the neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of chronically dehydrated rats for their peptidergic phenotype, colocalization, and activation profiles following the rapid reversal of anorexia.

Systemic inflammation, infection, ApoE alleles, and Alzheimer disease: a position paper.

Alzheimer disease (AD) includes inflammatory processes in the senile plaques and surrounding glia, with increased expression of acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and IL-6. Increased IL-6 expression during normal brain aging suggests a link of age-related inflammation to the onset of AD during aging. Blood levels of CRP and IL-6 are also associated with higher risk of Alzheimer disease and cognitive decline during aging.

Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of dietary restriction in slowing aging processes.

Dietary restriction (DR) remains the most powerful and general environmental manipulation of aging processes in laboratory animals with strong beneficial effects on most age-related degenerative changes throughout the body. Underlying the beneficial effects of DR is the attenuation of system-wide inflammatory processes including those occurring within the central nervous system. During normal aging a progressive neuroinflammatory state builds in the brain involving astrocytes and microglia, the primary cellular components of neuroinflammation.

Interacting effects of syllable and phrase position on consonant articulation.

The complexities of how prosodic structure, both at the phrasal and syllable levels, shapes speech production have begun to be illuminated through studies of articulatory behavior. The present study contributes to an understanding of prosodic signatures on articulation by examining the joint effects of phrasal and syllable position on the production of consonants. Articulatory kinematic data were collected for five subjects using electromagnetic articulography (EMA) to record target consonants (labial, labiodental, and tongue tip), located in (1) either syllable final or initial position and (2) either at a phrase edge or phrase medially.

Glucocorticoid regulation of peptide genes in neuroendocrine CRH neurons: a complexity beyond negative feedback.

This review will examine our current knowledge of a fundamental property of CRH neuroendocrine neurons: how the major endpoint of the HPA axis--adrenal glucocorticoids--interacts with the mechanisms controlling the expression of the genes that encode ACTH secretogogues. A great deal of work over the past 25 years has led to the notion that this question has an ostensibly simple answer: glucocorticoids inhibit peptide gene expression using "negative feedback" at the CRH neuron and elsewhere. However, closely examining how glucocorticoids act in different physiological circumstances reveals a much more complex set of answers, particularly if we consider how the processes that control peptide synthesis and release are coupled.

Rural and urban physicians' perceptions regarding the role and practice of the nurse practitioner, physician assistant, and certified nurse midwife.

Context: There is a dearth of literature citing the differences in rural and urban physicians' perceptions of the role and practice of nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and certified nurse midwives (nonphysician providers).

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare differences, if any, between rural and urban primary care physicians' perceptions of the role and practice of nonphysician providers.

Results: Despite a 15.

Effects of handpiece lubrication on resin-based composite bond strength to enamel.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of handpiece lubrication on the bond strengths of resin-based composite (RBC) to enamel using two different bonding systems.

Materials And Methods: Sixty extracted noncarious human maxillary incisors were imbedded in acrylic resin tray material with the facial surfaces exposed. 320 grit sandpaper was used to create a flat surface of enamel.