Natural sampling and aliasing of marine geochemical signals.

It is well known that the sedimentary rock record is both incomplete and biased by spatially highly variable rates of sedimentation. Without absolute age constraints of sufficient resolution, the temporal correlation of spatially disjunct records is therefore problematic and uncertain, but these effects have rarely been analysed quantitatively using signal processing methods. Here we use a computational process model to illustrate and analyse how spatial and temporal geochemical records can be biased by the inherent, heterogenous processes of marine sedimentation and preservation.

Reversal of neuronal tau pathology via adiponectin receptor activation.

Changes in brain mitochondrial metabolism are coincident with functional decline; however, direct links between the two have not been established. Here, we show that mitochondrial targeting via the adiponectin receptor activator AdipoRon (AR) clears neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and rescues neuronal tauopathy-associated defects. AR reduced levels of phospho-tau and lowered NFT burden by a mechanism involving the energy-sensing kinase AMPK and the growth-sensing kinase GSK3b.

Insulin signaling regulates R2 retrotransposon expression to orchestrate transgenerational rDNA copy number maintenance.

Preserving a large number of essential yet highly unstable ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats is critical for the germline to perpetuate the genome through generations. Spontaneous rDNA loss must be countered by rDNA copy number (CN) expansion. Germline rDNA CN expansion is best understood in Drosophila melanogaster, which relies on unequal sister chromatid exchange (USCE) initiated by DNA breaks at rDNA.

Unveiling nature's antidiabetic potential in Berberis orthobotrys seeds for alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

To illustrate the anti-diabetic properties of Berberis orthobotrys seeds was the aim of the current study. After a series of experiments, two doses of aqueous methanolic extract of the seeds were selected i.e.

Clinical manifestation and laboratory data of illicit drugs versus other substances intoxication in children.

Children are highly sensitive to toxins which can damage their organs and lead to death. Investigating the main causes of intoxication could reduce mortality and morbidity in children. In this cross-sectional study, the documents of all poisoned patients (214 cases) admitted to the emergency department of Taleghani children`s Hospital between April 2020 and 2023 were investigated.

Description and characterization of pneumococcal community acquired pneumonia (CAP) among radiologically confirmed CAP in outpatients.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) remains an important cause of community acquired pneumonia (CAP). We aimed to describe the prevalence and characteristics of outpatients with radiologically confirmed pneumococcal CAP. Between November 2017 and December 2019, a French network of general practitioners enrolled CAP-suspected adults, with ≥1 clinical signs of infection and ≥1 signs of pulmonary localization in an observational study.

Can clinical findings at admission allow withholding of antibiotics in patients hospitalized for community acquired pneumonia when a test for a respiratory virus is positive?

Background: Current guidelines recommend empiric antibiotic therapy for patients who require hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We sought to determine whether clinical, imaging or laboratory features in patients hospitalized for CAP in whom PCR is positive for a respiratory virus enable exclusion of bacterial coinfection so that antibiotics can be withheld.

Methods: For this prospective study, we selected patients in whom an etiologic diagnosis was likely to be reached, namely those who provided a high-quality sputum sample at or shortly after admission, and in whom PCR was done to test for a respiratory virus.

Connecting genomic results for psychiatric disorders to human brain cell types and regions reveals convergence with functional connectivity.

Identifying cell types and brain regions critical for psychiatric disorders and brain traits is essential for targeted neurobiological research. By integrating genomic insights from genome-wide association studies with a comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the adult human brain, we prioritized specific neuronal clusters significantly enriched for the SNP-heritabilities for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder along with intelligence, education, and neuroticism. Extrapolation of cell-type results to brain regions reveals the whole-brain impact of schizophrenia genetic risk, with subregions in the hippocampus and amygdala exhibiting the most significant enrichment of SNP-heritability.

A genetic exploration of the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular diseases.

Experiencing a traumatic event may lead to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), including symptoms such as flashbacks and hyperarousal. Individuals suffering from PTSD are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but it is unclear why. This study assesses shared genetic liability and potential causal pathways between PTSD and CVD.

The dynamics of higher-order novelties.

Studying how we explore the world in search of novelties is key to understand the mechanisms that can lead to new discoveries. Previous studies analyzed novelties in various exploration processes, defining them as the first appearance of an element. However, novelties can also be generated by combining what is already known.

A New Global Mangrove Height Map with a 12 meter spatial resolution.

Mangrove forests thrive along global tropical coasts, acting as a barrier that protects coastlines against storm surges and as nurseries for an entire food web. They are also known for their high carbon sequestration rates and soil carbon stocks. We introduce a new global mangrove canopy height map generated from TanDEM-X spaceborne elevation measurements collected during the 2011-2013 period with a 12-meter spatial resolution and an accuracy of 2.

Effect of intramuscular treatment with different iron dextran dosages and non-inferiority study to gleptoferron.

Background: Prevention of iron deficiency in suckling piglets by intramuscular injection of a standardized amount of iron dextran or gleptoferron in the first days of life can lead to over- or underdosage with respective health risks. Currently, combined iron products containing an active substance against coccidia are also used on farms. When using a combination product targeting two diseases, an adjustment of the necessary amount of iron to prevent anaemia in the frame of a farm-specific treatment protocol is not possible.

Spontaneous base flipping helps drive Nsp15's preferences in double stranded RNA substrates.

Coronaviruses evade detection by the host immune system with the help of the endoribonuclease Nsp15, which regulates levels of viral double stranded RNA by cleaving 3' of uridine (U). While prior structural data shows that to cleave double stranded RNA, Nsp15's target U must be flipped out of the helix, it is not yet understood whether Nsp15 initiates flipping or captures spontaneously flipped bases. We address this gap by designing fluorinated double stranded RNA substrates that allow us to directly relate a U's sequence context to both its tendency to spontaneously flip and its susceptibility to cleavage by Nsp15.

Neuropathology-based approach reveals novel Alzheimer's Disease genes and highlights female-specific pathways and causal links to disrupted lipid metabolism: insights into a vicious cycle.

Dementia refers to an umbrella phenotype of many different underlying pathologies with Alzheimer's disease (AD) being the most common type. Neuropathological examination remains the gold standard for accurate AD diagnosis, however, most that we know about AD genetics is based on Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) of clinically defined AD. Such studies have identified multiple AD susceptibility variants with a significant portion of the heritability unexplained and highlighting the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of the clinically defined entity.

Correlation between different boundaries used in upper airway assessment.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of the volume and minimum axial area (MAA) measurements between different upper and lower boundaries used for oropharyngeal airway assessment.

Methods: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans of 49 subjects taken for pre-orthognathic surgical planning were obtained retrospectively from the archives (n = 49; 32 females, 17 males; mean age = 20.9 ± 5.

Open challenges and opportunities in federated foundation models towards biomedical healthcare.

This survey explores the transformative impact of foundation models (FMs) in artificial intelligence, focusing on their integration with federated learning (FL) in biomedical research. Foundation models such as ChatGPT, LLaMa, and CLIP, which are trained on vast datasets through methods including unsupervised pretraining, self-supervised learning, instructed fine-tuning, and reinforcement learning from human feedback, represent significant advancements in machine learning. These models, with their ability to generate coherent text and realistic images, are crucial for biomedical applications that require processing diverse data forms such as clinical reports, diagnostic images, and multimodal patient interactions.

Thyroid disorders in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a meta-analysis.

Background: Thyroid disorders have significant clinical sequelae, including impaired growth in children, metabolic abnormalities, and impaired cognitive function. However, available studies on burden of thyroid diseases in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), particularly its prevalence and its interaction with HIV related factors (like CD4 count), are controversial. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive summary and analysis on the extent of thyroid dysfunctions in this population.

Machine learning models predicting risk of revision or secondary knee injury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction demonstrate variable discriminatory and accuracy performance: a systematic review.

Background: To summarize the statistical performance of machine learning in predicting revision, secondary knee injury, or reoperations following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), and to provide a general overview of the statistical performance of these models.

Methods: Three online databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE) were searched from database inception to February 6, 2024, to identify literature on the use of machine learning to predict revision, secondary knee injury (e.g.

Managing xylazine-involved overdoses in a community harm reduction setting: lessons from Tijuana, Mexico.

Background: Xylazine is a α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, used for sedation in veterinary contexts. Although it is increasingly found in overdose deaths across North America, the clinical management of xylazine-involved overdoses has not been extensively studied, especially in community-based harm reduction settings. Here we present a clinical series of xylazine-involved overdose and share the clinical approach and lessons learned by a community overdose response team in Tijuana, Mexico amidst the arrival of xylazine.

SINE retrotransposons import polyadenylation signals to 3'UTRs in dog (Canis familiaris).

Background: Messenger RNA 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) control many aspects of gene expression and determine where the transcript will terminate. The polyadenylation signal (PAS) AAUAAA (AATAAA in DNA) is a key regulator of transcript termination and this hexamer, or a similar sequence, is very frequently found within 30 bp of 3'UTR ends. Short interspersed element (SINE) retrotransposons are found throughout genomes in high copy numbers.

Anomalous left pulmonary artery: case reports exploring anatomic variants.

Background: Pulmonary artery sling (PAS) is a rare congenital anomaly where the left pulmonary artery (LPA) branches from the right pulmonary artery, compressing the trachea and esophagus and frequently leading to respiratory distress in infants. Surgical intervention, such as LPA reimplantation or translocation, is crucial to relieve airway compression and restore normal pulmonary function.

Case Presentation: This report highlights varied LPA anatomies, including a unique case of an anomalous LPA without true sling formation but causing tracheal compression, alongside two typical PAS cases.

Economic impact of prolonged tracheal extubation times on operating room time overall and for subgroups of surgeons: a historical cohort study.

Background: Prolonged tracheal extubation time is defined as an interval ≥ 15 min from the end of surgery to extubation. An earlier study showed that prolonged extubations had a mean 12.4 min longer time from the end of surgery to operating room (OR) exit.

Measuring the uptake of clinic-based HIV treatment and prevention services following HIV testing and referral at private pharmacies in Kenya.

Background: Despite their ubiquity across sub-Saharan Africa, private pharmacies are underutilized for HIV service delivery beyond the sale of HIV self-test kits. To understand what uptake of HIV prevention and treatment services might look like if private pharmacies offered clients free HIV self-testing and referral to clinic-based HIV services, we conducted a pilot study in Kenya.

Methods: At 20 private pharmacies in Kisumu County, Kenya, pharmacy clients (≥ 18 years) purchasing sexual health-related products (e.

Racial differences in clinical trial perceptions among a large, predominantly Black cohort of people with systemic lupus erythematosus in the Southeastern USA.

Objective: Black people in the USA have a higher incidence and severity of SLE and worse outcomes, yet they are significantly under-represented in SLE clinical trials. We assessed racial differences in clinical trial perceptions among a large cohort of predominantly Black people with SLE.

Methods: Georgians Organised Against Lupus (GOAL) is a population-based, prospective cohort of people with a validated diagnosis of SLE living in Atlanta.

Depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells sensitizes murine multiple myeloma to PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors.

Background: Cancer immunotherapy using immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, patients with multiple myeloma (MM) rarely respond to ICB. Accumulating evidence indicates that the complicated tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly impacts the efficacy of ICB therapy.