The parasite intraerythrocytic cycle and human circadian cycle are coupled during malaria infection.

During infections with the malaria parasites , patients exhibit rhythmic fevers every 48 h. These fever cycles correspond with the time the parasites take to traverse the intraerythrocytic cycle (IEC). In other species that infect either humans or mice, the IEC is likely guided by a parasite-intrinsic clock [Rijo-Ferreira, , 746-753 (2020); Smith .

A Survey of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in Category A Select Agents, Exempt Strains, and Near-Neighbor Species.

A dramatic increase in global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been well documented. Of particular concern is the dearth of information regarding the spectrum and prevalence of AMR within Category A Select Agents. Here, we performed a survey of horizontally and vertically transferred AMR determinants among Category A agents and their near neighbors.

Militaries and global health: peace, conflict, and disaster response.

Many countries show a growing willingness to use militaries in support of global health efforts. This Series paper summarises the varied roles, responsibilities, and approaches of militaries in global health, drawing on examples and case studies across peacetime, conflict, and disaster response environments. Militaries have many capabilities applicable to global health, ranging from research, surveillance, and medical expertise to rapidly deployable, large-scale assets for logistics, transportation, and security.

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane determination in air by thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Background: Current quantitative methods for airborne dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) require collection and extraction times of ≥ 12 h. The aim of this study was to develop a method for quantifying airborne DDT with a short (<4 h) collection and analysis time.

Results: Precision [relative standard deviation (RSD)] for each calibration point (0.

Influenza and other respiratory viruses in three Central American countries.

Background: Despite the disease burden imposed by respiratory diseases on children in Central America, there is a paucity of data describing the etiologic agents of the disease.

Aims: To analyze viral etiologic agents associated with influenza-like illness (ILI) in participants reporting to one outpatient health center, one pediatric hospital, and three general hospitals in El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua Material &

Methods: Between August 2006 and April 2009, pharyngeal swabs were collected from outpatients and inpatients. Patient specimens were inoculated onto cultured cell monolayers, and viral antigens were detected by indirect and direct immunofluorescence staining.

Phylogenetic relationships of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from Peruvian children.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, virulence factors (stx, eae, ehxA and astA) and phylogenetic relationships [PFGE and multilocus sequence typing (MLST)] of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from four previous cohort studies in 2212 Peruvian children aged <36 months. STEC prevalence was 0.4 % (14/3219) in diarrhoeal and 0.

Epidemiology of influenza-like illness in the Amazon Basin of Peru, 2008-2009.

Background: Data addressing the incidence and epidemiology of influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI) in tropical regions of the world is scarce, particularly for the neotropics of South America.

Methods: We conducted active, population-based surveillance for ILI across 45 city blocks within the Amazon Basin city of Iquitos, Peru. Demographic data and household characteristics were collected for all participants, and participating households were visited three times weekly to inquire about ILI (fever plus cough or sore throat) among household residents.

Human papillomavirus infection in female sex workers in Lima, Peru.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in female sex workers (FSW) in Lima, Peru.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 87 FSW. Information regarding demographics, sex work practices, and genital and blood specimens was collected.

Molecular characterization of adenovirus circulating in Central and South America during the 2006-2008 period.

Background: Human Adenoviruses are recognized pathogens, causing a broad spectrum of diseases. Serotype identification is critical for epidemiological surveillance, detection of new strains and understanding of HAdvs pathogenesis. Little data is available about HAdvs subtypes in Latin America.

Dengue virus serotype 4, northeastern Peru, 2008.

In 2008, dengue virus serotype 4 (DENV-4) emerged in northeastern Peru, causing a large outbreak and displacing DENV-3, which had predominated for the previous 6 years. Phylogenetic analysis of 2008 and 2009 isolates support their inclusion into DENV-4 genotype II, forming a lineage distinct from strains that had previously circulated in the region.

Human rabies and rabies in vampire and nonvampire bat species, Southeastern Peru, 2007.

After a human rabies outbreak in southeastern Peru, we collected bats to estimate the prevalence of rabies in various species. Among 165 bats from 6 genera and 10 species, 10.3% were antibody positive; antibody prevalence was similar in vampire and nonvampire bats.

Influenza-like illness sentinel surveillance in Peru.

Background: Acute respiratory illnesses and influenza-like illnesses (ILI) are a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the public health importance, little is known about the etiology of these acute respiratory illnesses in many regions of South America. In 2006, the Peruvian Ministry of Health (MoH) and the US Naval Medical Research Center Detachment (NMRCD) initiated a collaboration to characterize the viral agents associated with ILI and to describe the clinical and epidemiological presentation of the affected population.

Antiviral resistance in influenza viruses circulating in Central and South America based on the detection of established genetic markers.

Background: Recent influenza antiviral resistance studies reveal an alarming increase in both adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) resistant viral strains worldwide, particularly in Asia, Europe and the United States.

Objectives: In this study, we have evaluated influenza virus resistance in Central and South America.

Methods: Influenza viruses, isolated from symptomatic patients throughout Central and South America in 2005-2008 were analyzed for inhibitor resistance.

Comparison of two active surveillance programs for the detection of clinical dengue cases in Iquitos, Peru.

Endemic dengue transmission has been documented in the Amazonian city of Iquitos, Peru, since the early 1990s. To better understand the epidemiology of dengue transmission in Iquitos, we established multiple active surveillance systems to detect symptomatic infections. Here we compare the efficacy of distinct community-based (door to door) and school absenteeism-based febrile surveillance strategies in detecting active cases of dengue.

Impact of two interventions on timeliness and data quality of an electronic disease surveillance system in a resource limited setting (Peru): a prospective evaluation.

Background: A timely detection of outbreaks through surveillance is needed in order to prevent future pandemics. However, current surveillance systems may not be prepared to accomplish this goal, especially in resource limited settings. As data quality and timeliness are attributes that improve outbreak detection capacity, we assessed the effect of two interventions on such attributes in Alerta, an electronic disease surveillance system in the Peruvian Navy.

Statistical analyses in disease surveillance systems.

The performance of disease surveillance systems is evaluated and monitored using a diverse set of statistical analyses throughout each stage of surveillance implementation. An overview of their main elements is presented, with a specific emphasis on syndromic surveillance directed to outbreak detection in resource-limited settings. Statistical analyses are proposed for three implementation stages: planning, early implementation, and consolidation.

Use of PCR to improve diagnostic yield in an outbreak of cyclosporiasis in Lima, Peru.

Protozoal diseases are increasingly recognized as the cause of diarrhoeal outbreaks in both developed and developing countries. Cyclospora cayetanensis has been responsible for several epidemics in the last decade. In March 2005, an outbreak of diarrhoea was identified in recruits at the Ancon Naval Base in Lima, Peru.

Prevalence of lifetime abortion and methods of contraception among female sex workers in Bogota, Colombia.

Background: The primary objective was to estimate the lifetime prevalence of abortion and the secondary objective was to describe the use of contraceptive methods among female sex workers (FSW) in Bogota, Colombia.

Study Design: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among FSW. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, contraceptive methods, number of abortions, reasons for abortions and sexual practices was collected.

Human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis in Argentina: prevalence, genotypes and risk factors.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and genetic variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among 205 patients with clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in Buenos Aires in 2001. Infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV), HIV-1, hepatitis C virus (HCV), Treponema pallidum and human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I/II were diagnosed in 37/187 (19.8 %), 35/205 (17.

Anemia and antibodies to the 19-kDa fragment of MSP1 during Plasmodium falciparum infection in Aotus monkeys.

To determine whether antibodies to the 19-kDa fragment of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1(19)) help to control blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum infection, we performed a rechallenge experiment of previously infected Aotus monkeys. Monkeys previously exposed to the FVO strain of P. falciparum that did or did not develop high antibody titers to MSP1(19) and malaria-naïve monkeys were challenged with erythrocytes infected with the same strain.

Epidemiology and spatial analysis of malaria in the Northern Peruvian Amazon.

A retrospective surveillance study was conducted to examine the micro-geographic variation of malaria incidence in three malaria-endemic communities in the Northern Peruvian Amazon. The annual malaria risk rate (per 100) ranged from 38% to 47% for Plasmodium vivax and from 15% to 18% for P. falciparum.

Gulf War Syndrome: potential role of infectious diseases.

Following the 1991 war with Iraq, some US, British, and Canadian veterans began experiencing diverse symptoms, which have been characterized as a possible 'Gulf War Syndrome'. Although veterans have been found to have a variety of illnesses, neither the existence nor etiology of a unique syndrome has been confirmed. In this review of current literature, the potential for infectious diseases to cause health problems nearly a decade after the Gulf War is evaluated.

Rickettsia felis in Xenopsylla cheopis, Java, Indonesia.

Rickettsia typhi and R. felis, etiologic agents of murine typhus and fleaborne spotted fever, respectively, were detected in Oriental rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) collected from rodents and shrews in Java, Indonesia. We describe the first evidence of R.