Probing dynamic processes in the eye at multiple spatial and temporal scales with multimodal full field OCT.

We describe recent technological progress in multimodal en face full-field optical coherence tomography that has allowed detection of slow and fast dynamic processes in the eye. We show that by combining static, dynamic and fluorescence contrasts we can achieve label-free high-resolution imaging of the retina and anterior eye with temporal resolution from milliseconds to several hours, allowing us to probe biological activity at subcellular scales inside 3D bulk tissue. Our setups combine high lateral resolution over a large field of view with acquisition at several hundreds of frames per second which make it a promising tool for clinical applications and biomedical studies.

Conventional Anti-glioblastoma Chemotherapy Affects Proteoglycan Composition of Brain Extracellular Matrix in Rat Experimental Model .

Temozolomide (TMZ) is a conventional chemotherapy drug for adjuvant treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), often accompanied by dexamethasone (DXM) to prevent brain oedema and alleviate clinical side effects. Here, we aimed to investigate an ability of the drugs to affect normal brain tissue in terms of proteoglycan (PG) composition/content in experimental rat model . Age- and brain zone-specific transcriptional patterns of PGs were demonstrated for 8, 60, and 120 days old rats, and syndecan-1, glypican-1, decorin, biglycan, and lumican were identified as the most expressed PGs.

Unilateral corneal ectasia after small-incision lenticule extraction in a 43-year-old patient.

Unilateral corneal ectasia developed after small-incision lenticule extraction for mild myopia in a 43-year-old man with preoperative asymmetric astigmatism. The ectasia was diagnosed 4 years postoperatively. Preoperative data showed asymmetric astigmatism with no signs of forme fruste keratoconus.

high resolution human corneal imaging using full-field optical coherence tomography.

We present the first full-field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) device capable of imaging of the human cornea. We obtained images of the epithelial structures, Bowman's layer, sub-basal nerve plexus (SNP), anterior and posterior stromal keratocytes, stromal nerves, Descemet's membrane and endothelial cells with visible nuclei. Images were acquired with a high lateral resolution of 1.

Integrase-Mediated Recombination of the Gene Cassette Encoding the Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase BEL-1.

Integrons are genetic elements that can acquire and rearrange gene cassettes. The gene encodes an extended-spectrum β-lactamase, BEL-1, that is present at the second position of the variable region of class 1 integrons identified in The mobility of the gene cassette was analyzed under physiological conditions and with the integrase gene being overexpressed. Cassette mobility in was detected by excision/integration into the recipient integron In on the conjugative plasmid R388 with the overproduced integrase.

Corneal Neurotization With a Great Auricular Nerve Graft: Effective Reinnervation Demonstrated by In Vivo Confocal Microscopy.

Purpose: We describe the first case of minimally invasive corneal neurotization with the great auricular nerve (GAN) to treat unilateral neurotrophic keratopathy. We assessed corneal sensation and reinnervation by esthesiometry and confocal microscopy over 12 months of follow-up, and we provide a detailed description of the surgical technique.

Methods: Corneal neurotization was successfully achieved with the ipsilateral GAN in a 58-year-old woman.

An imbalance between regulatory T cells and T helper 17 cells in acetylcholine receptor-positive myasthenia gravis patients.

A chronic autoimmune disease, myasthenia gravis (MG) is characterized in 85% of patients by antibodies directed against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) located at the neuromuscular junction. The functional and effective balance between regulatory T cells (T cells) and effector T cells (T cells) is lost in the hyperplastic thymus of MG patients with antibodies specific for the AChR (AChR MG patients). The objective of this review is to describe how T cells and inflammatory T cells participate in this imbalance and contribute to induce a chronic inflammatory state in the MG thymus.

AIRE: a missing link to explain female susceptibility to autoimmune diseases.

Women are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases than men. Autoimmunity results from tolerance breakdown toward self-components. Recently, three transcription modulators were identified in medullary thymic epithelial cells that orchestrate immune central tolerance processes: the autoimmune regulator (AIRE), FEZ family zinc finger 2 (FEZF2 or FEZ1), and PR domain zinc finger protein 1 (PRDM1).

The air of Europe: where are we going?

Air pollution constitutes one of the main threats to public health in Europe. Significant impacts on the health of Europeans in terms of morbidity and mortality have been observed, even in cases of low exposure and where pollutant levels are within limits set by the European Union (EU). The respiratory system is a primary target of the harmful effects of key air pollutants.

Medication management after intramedullary nailing of atypical fractures.

Long term use of bisphosphonates (BPs) in osteoporotic patients may be associated with stress fractures of the sub-trochanteric and shaft area of the femur, so called "atypical" femoral fractures (AFF). Specific diagnosis criteria have been defined with 5 major features; the presence of four of them characterizes the AFF. Once a complete fracture occurred, the best surgical treatment is closed reduction and intra medullary nailing.

Integrated classification of inflammatory myopathies.

Inflammatory myopathies comprise a multitude of diverse diseases, most often occurring in complex clinical settings. To ensure accurate diagnosis, multidisciplinary expertise is required. Here, we propose a comprehensive myositis classification that incorporates clinical, morphological and molecular data as well as autoantibody profile.

Conventional and Iontophoresis Corneal Cross-Linking for Keratoconus: Efficacy and Assessment by Optical Coherence Tomography and Confocal Microscopy.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy, safety, and microstructural corneal changes during 2 years after conventional corneal collagen cross-linking (C-CXL) and transepithelial corneal CXL by iontophoresis (I-CXL) for keratoconus.

Methods: Eighty eyes of 80 patients with progressive keratoconus were treated by C-CXL (n = 40) or I-CXL (n = 40). Patients were investigated before surgery and 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment.

Increased corneal sub-basal nerve density in patients with Sjögren syndrome treated with topical cyclosporine A.

Background: To evaluate quantitative and qualitative changes in sub-basal corneal nerves (SBN) via in vivo confocal microscopy in patients with Sjögren syndrome dry eye (SSDE) treated with topical cyclosporine A (CsA).

Design: Prospective, observational, non-randomized study.

Participants: Thirty eyes of 30 patients with SSDE refractory to conventional treatment treated with CsA 0.

Unmet needs and current and future approaches for osteoporotic patients at high risk of hip fracture.

Unlabelled: This review provides a critical analysis of currently available approaches to increase bone mass, structure and strength through drug therapy and of possible direct intra-osseous interventions for the management of patients at imminent risk of hip fracture.

Purpose: Osteoporotic hip fractures represent a particularly high burden in morbidity-, mortality- and health care-related costs. There are challenges and unmet needs in the early prevention of hip fractures, opening the perspective of new developments for the management of osteoporotic patients at imminent and/or at very high risk of hip fracture.

Ciliary Body/Iris Appositioning Producing Mechanical Pupillary Defects in Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula: An Overlooked Pathophysiologic Mechanism.

Background: Variable pupillary responses have been described with carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. These often are associated with a decrease in visual acuity and attributed to retinal ischemia. We propose a novel pathophysiologic mechanism for changes in pupillary reactivity involving anatomic changes secondary to choroidal effusion.

Bilateral infectious keratitis after small-incision lenticule extraction.

Unlabelled: We report the clinical features and management of a patient with severe bilateral infectious keratitis developing after simultaneous bilateral small-incision lenticule extraction. A 39-year-old man was referred to our emergency department 2 days after a small-incision lenticule extraction procedure for moderate myopia. He reported decreased vision, photophobia, and pain bilaterally.

Fracture repair: general aspects and influence of osteoporosis and anti-osteoporosis treatment.

Bone differs from other tissues in its capacity to self-repair after a fracture. The low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone associated with osteoporosis increases the risk of fragility fracture compared with healthy individuals. The intention of this article is to review the complex process of fracture repair and essential requirements for a successful fracture healing response summarized as the "diamond concept" in terms of aging and osteoporosis.

Prevalence and association of asthma and allergic sensitization with dietary factors in schoolchildren: data from the french six cities study.

Background: The prevalence of asthma and allergy has recently risen among children. This increase in prevalence might be related to various factors, particularly diet. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and association of asthma and allergic sensitization with dietary factors in the French Six Cities Study.

Decreased Corneal Sensation and Subbasal Nerve Density, and Thinned Corneal Epithelium as a Result of 360-Degree Laser Retinopexy.

Purpose: To assess the effects of 360-degree laser retinopexy on human corneal subbasal nerve plexus and to investigate correlations among corneal subbasal nerve plexus density, corneal epithelial thickness, and corneal sensitivity.

Design: Prospective, observational, nonrandomized study.

Participants: A total of 15 eyes of 15 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with 360-degree laser retinopexy for retinal detachment (RD) and 15 eyes of 15 patients who underwent PPV for macular hole (MH) without laser treatment.