Peer coaching in cardiac surgery: a pilot study on rehabilitation participation and perioperative challenges.

Following cardiac surgery, active participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is associated with reduced cardiovascular events and improved survival. However, CR attendance remains persistently low, with only ∼25% of patients participating. The Peer Coaching for Cardiac Patients (PCCP) pilot programme aimed to assess whether peer coaching could enhance CR participation and reduce perioperative anxiety and depression in cardiac surgery patients.

MIRO2 promotes cancer invasion and metastasis via MYO9B suppression of RhoA activity.

Metastasis to vital organs remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, emphasizing an urgent need for actionable targets in advanced-stage cancer. The role of mitochondrial Rho GTPase 2 (MIRO2) in prostate cancer growth was recently reported; however, whether MIRO2 is important for additional steps in the metastatic cascade is unknown. Here, we show that knockdown of MIRO2 ubiquitously reduces tumor cell invasion in vitro and suppresses metastatic burden in prostate and breast cancer mouse models.

Urothelial carcinoma in situ with "early papillary formation" vs "lateral spread/shoulder lesion" of prior high-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma: A survey of pathologist and urologist interpretations.

Objectives: Urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) with early papillary formation is terminology sometimes used to suggest incipient high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (PUC) but may lead to confusion between true CIS and lateral flat spread of PUC.

Methods: It remains unclear how pathologists and urologists interpret this scenario, so a survey was circulated to 68 pathologists (group 1 = 28 academic genitourinary pathologists; group 2 = 17 pathologists with a self-reported genitourinary focus; group 3 = 23 pathologists self-reported as not genitourinary specialists) and 32 urologists.

Results: Regarding atypical urothelial lesions that appear mainly flat but contain possible papillae, group 3 was more likely to label this as CIS compared with groups 1 and 2 (35% for group 3 vs 13% for groups 1 and 2), while groups 1 and 2 more often adopted another descriptive diagnosis, such as "CIS with early papillary features" (38% for groups 1 and 2 vs 13% for group 3).

Topiramate treatment of pediatric metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: A descriptive cohort study.

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a common disease in children. Lifestyle modification is the primary treatment but difficult to achieve and maintain. Topiramate is a component of an approved weight loss medication (topiramate-phentermine) in children aged 12 years and older but is more commonly used as a single agent, off-label, for pediatric obesity.

Sex Differences in Basal Cortisol Levels Across Body Fluid Compartments in a Cross-sectional Study of Healthy Adults.

Context: Many studies have moved toward saliva and peripheral blood sampling for studying cortisol, even in relation to disorders of the brain. However, the degree to which peripheral cortisol reflects central cortisol levels has yet to be comprehensively described. Data describing the effect that biological characteristics such as age and sex have on cortisol levels across compartments is also limited.

Association Between Sleep Duration and Cardiovascular Disease Among Asian Americans.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence varies widely among Asian American adults. The American Heart Association added healthy sleep to its metrics to define ideal cardiovascular health. Little is known about the association between sleep and CVD prevalence among Asian subgroups.

Understanding the development of tuberculous granulomas: insights into host protection and pathogenesis, a review in humans and animals.

Granulomas, organized aggregates of immune cells which form in response to (), are characteristic but not exclusive of tuberculosis (TB). Despite existing investigations on TB granulomas, the determinants that differentiate host-protective granulomas from granulomas that contribute to TB pathogenesis are often disputed. Thus, the goal of this narrative review is to help clarify the existing literature on such determinants.

Circadian Disruption Impacts Fetal Development in Mice Using High-Frequency Ultrasound.

The developmental origins of health and disease theory suggests that environmental exposures during early life, particularly during prenatal life, can greatly influence health status later in life. Irregular light-dark cycles, such as those experienced during shift work, result in the repeated disruption of circadian rhythms, which negatively impacts physiological and behavioral cycles. The purpose of our study was to assess parameters in the developing mouse embryo and fetus using high frequency ultrasound when exposed to circadian disruption.

The Trauma Training Score: A Novel and Objective Method for Performance Evaluation.

Background: Assessing proficiency in the initial management of a traumatically injured patient is challenging. Previously developed scoring tools frequently looked to evaluate single domains of a trauma leader or team's performance. An updated multi-domain scoring tool is needed to evaluate individual and group performance in the initial phases of trauma resuscitation.

Long-Term Carotid Plaque Progression and the Role of Intraplaque Hemorrhage: Analysis from Deep Learning-based Longitudinal Vessel Wall Imaging.

Background: Carotid atherosclerosis is a major etiology of stroke. Although intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) is known to increase stroke risk and plaque burden, its long-term effects on plaque dynamics remain unclear.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term impact of IPH on carotid plaque burden progression using deep learning-based segmentation on multi-contrast vessel wall imaging (VWI).

Ndufs4 inactivation in glutamatergic neurons reveals swallow-breathing discoordination in a mouse model of Leigh syndrome.

Swallowing, both nutritive and non-nutritive, is highly dysfunctional in children with Leigh Syndrome (LS) and contributes to the need for both gastrostomy and tracheostomy tube placement. Without these interventions aspiration of food, liquid, and mucus occur resulting in repeated bouts of respiratory infection. No study has investigated whether mouse models of LS, a neurometabolic disorder, exhibit dysfunctions in neuromuscular activity of swallow and breathing integration.

Increased nuclear factor I-mediated chromatin access drives transition to androgen receptor splice variant dependence in prostate cancer.

Androgen receptor (AR) splice variants, of which ARv7 is the most common, are increased in castration-resistant prostate cancer, but the extent to which they drive AR activity is unclear. We generated a subline of VCaP cells (VCaP16) that is resistant to the AR inhibitor enzalutamide (ENZ). AR activity in VCaP16 is driven by ARv7, independently of full-length AR (ARfl), and its cistrome and transcriptome mirror those of ARfl in VCaP cells.

Management of pleural effusion in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: A systematic review and guideline.

Background: Mechanically ventilated critically ill patients often develop pleural effusions, which may impact lung compliance and expansion. This systematic review explores the management of pleural effusion in the critically ill population.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed.

Using clinical data to reclassify ESUS patients to large artery atherosclerotic or cardioembolic stroke mechanisms.

Purpose: Embolic stroke of unidentified source (ESUS) represents 10-25% of all ischemic strokes. Our goal was to determine whether ESUS could be reclassified to cardioembolic (CE) or large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) with machine learning (ML) using conventional clinical data.

Methods: We retrospectively collected conventional clinical features, including patient, imaging (MRI, CT/CTA), cardiac, and serum data from established cases of CE and LAA stroke, and factors with p < 0.

Trends in Opioid Use Disorder in the Veterans Health Administration, 2005-2022.

Importance: Given the personal and social burdens of opioid use disorder (OUD), understanding time trends in OUD prevalence in large patient populations is key to planning prevention and treatment services.

Objective: To examine trends in the prevalence of OUD from 2005 to 2022 overall and by age, sex, and race and ethnicity.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This serial cross-sectional study included national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) electronic medical record data from the VHA Corporate Data Warehouse.

Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in an open-label, long-term extension study in patients with psoriatic arthritis who received adalimumab or tofacitinib in a Phase 3 randomized controlled study: a post hoc analysis.

Background: Data on treatment switching directly from tumor necrosis factor inhibitors to tofacitinib in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are limited. This post hoc analysis assessed efficacy and safety outcomes in patients with PsA who directly switched to tofacitinib in a long-term extension (LTE) study after receiving adalimumab (ADA) in a Phase 3 study, compared with those who continued to receive tofacitinib.

Methods: Patients with active PsA received tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily (BID) or ADA 40 mg once every 2 weeks in a 12-month, randomized, double-blind study (OPAL Broaden) and then continued or switched to tofacitinib 5 mg BID and maintained this dose in an open-label LTE study (OPAL Balance).

Spectrum of errors in nodule detection and characterization using machine learning: A pictorial essay.

In academic and research settings, computer-aided nodule detection software has been shown to increase accuracy, efficiency, and throughput. However, radiologists need to be familiar with the spectrum of errors that can occur when these algorithms are employed in routine clinical settings. We review the spectrum of errors that may result from computer-aided nodule detection.

How will developmental neuroimaging contribute to the prediction of neurodevelopmental or psychiatric disorders? Challenges and opportunities.

Successful developmental neuroimaging efforts require interdisciplinary expertise to ground scientific questions in knowledge of human development, modify and create technologies and data processing pipelines suited to the young brain, and ensure research procedures meet the needs and protect the interests of young children and their caregivers. This paper brings together four interdisciplinary perspectives to tackle a set of questions that are central for the field to address as we imagine a future role for developmental neuroimaging in the prediction of neurodevelopmental or psychiatric disorders: 1) How do we generate a strong evidence base for causality and clinical relevance? 2) How do we ensure the integrity of the data and support fair and wide access? 3) How can these technologies be implemented in the clinic? 4) What are the ethical obligations for neuroimaging researchers working with infants and young children?

Children Requiring 3 or More Days of Invasive Ventilation: Secondary Analysis of Post-Discharge Change in Caregiver Employment.

Objectives: To describe frequency of, and risk factors, for change in caregiver employment among critically ill children with acute respiratory failure.

Design: Preplanned secondary analysis of prospective cohort dataset, 2018-2021.

Setting: Quaternary Children's Hospital PICU.

Unraveling Diabetic Kidney Disease: The Roles of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Immunometabolism.

Mitochondria are essential for cellular energy production and are implicated in numerous diseases, including diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Current evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction results in alterations in several metabolic pathways within kidney cells, thereby contributing to the progression of DKD. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction can engender an inflammatory milieu, leading to the activation and recruitment of immune cells to the kidney tissue, potentially perturbing intrarenal metabolism.

Immediate Effects of Mindful Awareness in Body-Oriented Therapy as an Adjunct to Medication for Opioid Use Disorder.

Unlabelled: The need for improve medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment outcomes can be limited by co-occurring polysubstance use, mental health, and chronic pain conditions. Interoceptive training may facilitate well-being and support medication treatment for MOUD.

Objectives: While effective, medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment outcomes can be limited by co-occurring polysubstance use, mental health, and chronic pain conditions.

Elective outpatient middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma is safe.

Background: Middle meningeal artery embolization (MMAE) is a safe and effective treatment for chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH); however, the appropriate level of postoperative care is unknown.

Objective: To evaluate whether elective MMAE for cSDH could be safely performed in an outpatient setting.

Methods: This was a multicenter, retrospective study of patients with cSDH who underwent elective MMAE.

Development of an Inclusive Demographic Survey for Clinical Care and Research.

Background And Objectives: There is a need to accurately capture family demographic information to ensure appropriate delivery of services, optimize patient experiences, and examine health disparities; however, we lack a standardized and inclusive approach to collect demographic data. Our objective was to design a set of inclusive survey items for common demographic categories that can be used for clinical care and research.

Methods: In this prospective, mixed-methods study, we used a rigorous survey design approach to conduct a literature review, seek expert validation, and perform cognitive pretesting with families between October 2021 and September 2023 to iteratively develop an inclusive demographic survey.