Topical Netarsudil in Childhood Glaucoma: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of topical netarsudil 0.02% in managing childhood glaucoma.

Methods: A literature search in the electronic databases of PubMed CENTRAL, Google Scholar, EMBASE, the Register of Controlled Trials, and Ovid MEDLINE from January 2017 to August 2023 using one or a combination of the following terms: "netarsudil," "rhopressa," "Rho-kinase," "pediatric glaucoma," "childhood glaucoma," "intraocular pressure" was conducted.

Post-acute sequela of COVID-19 infection in individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Background: Many common symptoms in post-acute sequelae following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC) overlap with those of multiple sclerosis (MS). We examined symptoms and performance of the PASC score, developed in the general population, in MS based on infection history.

Methods: We surveyed North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) registry participants regarding infections and categorized participants based on infection history.

Polygenic Risk Scores in Human Disease.

Background: Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are measures of genetic susceptibility to human health traits. With the advent of large data repositories combining genetic data and phenotypic information, PRS are providing valuable insights into the genetic architecture of complex diseases and are transforming the landscape of precision medicine.

Content: PRS have emerged as tools with clinical utility in human disease.

Infiltrating macrophages and interferon gamma rather than renal genotype dictate heightened crescentic glomerulonephritis.

Background: Both intrinsic renal cells and immune cells contribute to driving renal inflammation and damage. However, the respective roles of intrinsic renal cells and immune cells in crescentic glomerulonephritis, and the key molecular factors driving pathogenesis are still unclear.

Methods: The roles of intrinsic renal cells and renal infiltrating immune cells in crescent formation were explored using renal transplantation after experimental anti-GBM disease induction in 129x1/svJ and C57BL/6J mice.

Education Research: The Neurohumanities in Training: Integrating a Humanities Curriculum Within Neurology Residency Programs.

Background And Objectives: Perhaps stemming from the central role of detailed examinations and a focus on the subjective sphere that grounds their clinical practice, neurologists have frequently opined on experiences traditionally a province of humanities. The increasingly technological focus on medical education and care can be seen to devalue the subjective aspects of medicine. As a counter to this, we report on the existence of neurohumanities curricula within neurology residency training.

Prostatic Escherichia coli infection drives CCR2-dependent recruitment of fibrocytes and collagen production.

Prostate fibrosis contributes to lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). To develop targeted treatments for prostate fibrosis, it is necessary to identify the cell types and molecular pathways required for collagen production. We used a genetic approach to label and track potential collagen-producing cell lineages in mouse prostate through a round of Escherichia coli UTI89-mediated prostate inflammation.

Alternate definitions of adverse pathology to predict a very high risk of metastasis in men with intermediate- and low-risk prostate cancer.

Background: Adverse pathology (AP) is often used as an intermediate end point for long-term outcomes in men with prostate cancer (PCa) who are active surveillance candidates. The association between a commonly used AP definition and long-term outcomes was tested, which identified definitions more strongly linked to a high risk of metastasis.

Methods: Data were reviewed from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital cohort of men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) from 1988 to 2020 at nine Veterans Affairs hospitals.

Host genetics maps to behaviour and brain structure in developmental mice.

Gene-environment interactions in the postnatal period have a long-term impact on neurodevelopment. To effectively assess neurodevelopment in the mouse, we developed a behavioural pipeline that incorporates several validated behavioural tests to measure translationally relevant milestones of behaviour in mice. The behavioral phenotype of 1060 wild type and genetically-modified mice was examined followed by structural brain imaging at 4 weeks of age.

Modern biology of extrachromosomal DNA: A decade-long voyage of discovery.

Genomic instability is a hallmark of cancer and is a major driving force of tumorigenesis. A key manifestation of genomic instability is the formation of extrachromosomal DNAs (ecDNAs) - acentric, circular DNA molecules ranging from 50 kb to 5 Mb in size, distinct from chromosomes. Ontological studies have revealed that ecDNA serves as a carrier of oncogenes, immunoregulatory genes, and enhancers, capable of driving elevated transcription of its cargo genes and cancer heterogeneity, leading to rapid tumor evolution and therapy resistance.

Immunologic investigations into transgene directed immune-mediated myositis following delandistrogene moxeparvovec gene therapy.

Delandistrogene moxeparvovec is an rAAVrh74 vector-based gene transfer therapy that delivers a transgene encoding delandistrogene moxeparvovec micro-dystrophin, an engineered, functional form of dystrophin shown to stabilize or slow disease progression in DMD. It is approved in the US and in other select countries. Two serious adverse event cases of immune-mediated myositis (IMM) were reported in the phase Ib ENDEAVOR trial (NCT04626674).

Cooperative integration of spatially resolved multi-omics data with COSMOS.

Recent advancements in biological technologies have enabled the measurement of spatially resolved multi-omics data, yet computational algorithms for this purpose are scarce. Existing tools target either single omics or lack spatial integration. We generate a graph neural network algorithm named COSMOS to address this gap and demonstrated the superior performance of COSMOS in domain segmentation, visualization, and spatiotemporal map for spatially resolved multi-omics data integration tasks.

Implementing a Novel "Frontiers in Neoplasia" Curriculum to Engage Fourth-Year Medical Students in Evidence-Based, Multidisciplinary Oncology Care.

Few medical students are exposed to evidence-based, multidisciplinary oncology care, and few studies in oncology education reflect consolidated pre-clinical curricula. We developed a four-week curriculum, "Frontiers in Neoplasia," for fourth-year medical students, which included didactic lectures, interactive site visits, and team-based simulations of tumor boards and clinical trial design. A mixed methods approach was utilized to investigate the course's impact on students' understanding and interest in oncology, involving pre- and post-course responses to Likert-scale and open-ended questions.

Predicting pediatric patient rehabilitation outcomes after spinal deformity surgery with artificial intelligence.

Background: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of scoliosis, affecting 1-4% of adolescents. The Scoliosis Research Society-22R (SRS-22R), a health-related quality-of-life instrument for AIS, has allowed orthopedists to measure subjective patient outcomes before and after corrective surgery beyond objective radiographic measurements. However, research has revealed that there is no significant correlation between the correction rate in major radiographic parameters and improvements in patient-reported outcomes (PROs), making it difficult to incorporate PROs into personalized surgical planning.

P300 Event-Related Potential: A Surrogate Marker of Cognitive Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease Patients with Psychosis.

Background And Objectives: Psychosis is one of the major neuropsychiatric non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Prolonged latency and decreased amplitude of the P300 event-related potential (ERP) is a potential neurophysiologic biomarker of deeper neurocognitive deficits in PD. We aimed to characterize electroencephalogram (EEG)/ERP parameters in PD patients with and without psychosis (PDP and PDNP, respectively), and to determine if such measures could act as endophenotypes for PD-associated psychosis (PDP).

Real-time CBCT imaging and motion tracking via a single arbitrarily-angled x-ray projection by a joint dynamic reconstruction and motion estimation (DREME) framework.

Real-time cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides instantaneous visualization of patient anatomy for image guidance, motion tracking, and online treatment adaptation in radiotherapy. While many real-time imaging and motion tracking methods leveraged patient-specific prior information to alleviate under-sampling challenges and meet the temporal constraint (<500 ms), the prior information can be outdated and introduce biases, thus compromising the imaging and motion tracking accuracy. To address this challenge, we developed a frameworkynamicconstruction andotionstimation (DREME) for real-time CBCT imaging and motion estimation, without relying on patient-specific prior knowledge.

Microenhancement as a Biomarker for Cerebral Microbleed in Inflammatory Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: Insights From 3D T1 Black-Blood MR Imaging.

Objectives: Cerebral microbleeds (cMBs) are common imaging findings in conditions related to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage is considered pivotal in their pathogenesis. This study investigates the potential role of cerebral microenhancement (cME) as an imaging biomarker on 3D T1 black-blood MRI (BB-MRI) for BBB rupture, predicting the formation of cMBs in inflammatory CAA variants.

Association of binge alcohol use with functional outcomes among individuals with COVID-19 infection.

Aims: Alcohol consumption along with negative sequelae from excess alcohol intake increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the association between binge alcohol use and long-term functional outcomes among COVID-19-positive individuals.

Methods: Using a prospective, longitudinal, multisite cohort study design, we evaluated the association between binge alcohol use and mental and physical functional outcomes using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-29 scores three and six months postinfection.

Clinical Perspectives on the Pathophysiology of Facial Synkinesis: A Narrative Review.

Importance: Facial synkinesis refers to pathologic cocontraction and baseline hypertonicity of muscles innervated by the facial nerve, commonly attributed to the aberrant regeneration of nerve fibers following injury. The pathomechanism and optimal treatment of facial synkinesis remain unclear. The goal of this review is to highlight current understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, assessment, and treatment of facial synkinesis.

Lung cancer-intrinsic SOX2 expression mediates resistance to checkpoint blockade therapy by inducing Treg cell-dependent CD8+ T-cell exclusion.

Tumor cell-intrinsic signaling pathways can drastically affect the tumor immune microenvironment, promoting tumor progression and resistance to immunotherapy by excluding immune-cell populations from the tumor. Several tumor cell-intrinsic pathways have been reported to modulate myeloid-cell and T-cell infiltration creating "cold" tumors. However, clinical evidence suggests that excluding cytotoxic T cells from the tumor core also mediates immune evasion.

Examining the Recovery Course of Adolescent Concussion Patients With Protracted Recovery Referred to a Specialty Concussion Clinic.

Objective: This study investigated the role of specialty concussion care on the clinical course of recovery in adolescent patients who initiated care beyond 3 weeks from their injury.

Design: Retrospective analysis of protracted recovery groups was based on the number of days in which a patient presented for care postinjury: early (22-35 days), middle (36-49 days), and late (50+ days).

Setting: Sports medicine and orthopedics clinic.

Overlooked and underserved: how healthcare fails men in the pursuit of equity.

Purpose Of Review: Men face distinctive health-related challenges as a result of biological, behavioral, and sociocultural factors. In addition, the modern healthcare system does not offer men equal opportunities and options to ensure sex-specific access and delivery to health services. Men's health concerns are, indeed, often not addressed or even forgotten.

Melanoma toolkit for early detection for primary care clinicians: a 1-year follow-up on outcomes.

Introduction: Primary care providers or clinicians (PCPs) have the potential to assist dermatologists in screening patients at risk for skin cancer, but require training to appropriately identify higher-risk patients, perform skin checks, recognize and biopsy concerning lesions, interpret pathology results, document the exam, and bill for the service. Very few validated dermatology training programs exist for PCPs and those that are available focus primarily on one emphasis area, which results in variable efficacy and single-topic limited scope.

Methods: We have created a free, online, continuing education program (Melanoma Toolkit for Early Detection, MTED) that allows learners to choose from a variety of multimedia tools (image recognition, videos, written material, in-person seminars, self-tests, etc.