Renal Tubular Acidosis: Core Curriculum 2025.

Renal tubular acidoses (RTAs) are a subset of non-anion gap metabolic acidoses that result from complex disturbances in renal acid excretion. Net acid excretion is primarily accomplished through the reclamation of sodium bicarbonate and the buffering of secreted protons with ammonia or dibasic phosphate, all of which require a series of highly complex and coordinated processes along the renal tubule. Flaws in any of these components lead to the development of metabolic acidosis and/or a failure to compensate fully for other systemic acidoses.

Prenatal metal(loid) exposure and preterm birth: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence.

Background: Preterm birth (PTB) is a common pregnancy complication associated with significant neonatal morbidity. Prenatal exposure to environmental chemicals, including toxic and/or essential metal(loid)s, may contribute to PTB risk.

Objective: We aimed to summarize the epidemiologic evidence of the associations among levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) assessed during the prenatal period and PTB or gestational age at delivery; to assess the quality of the literature and strength of evidence for an effect for each metal; and to provide recommendations for future research.

Multidimensional library for the improved identification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).

As the occurrence of human diseases and conditions increase, questions continue to arise about their linkages to chemical exposure, especially for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Currently, many chemicals of concern have limited experimental information available for their use in analytical assessments. Here, we aim to increase this knowledge by providing the scientific community with multidimensional characteristics for 175 PFAS and their resulting 281 ion types.

Implementation of An Advance Care Planning Intervention in Dialysis Clinics.

Rationale & Objective: Sharing Patient's Illness Representations to Increase Trust (SPIRIT) is an evidence-based advance care planning intervention targeting dialysis patients and their surrogate decision-makers. To address SPIRIT's implementation potential, we report on a process evaluation in our recently completed five-state cluster-randomized trial.

Study Design: A descriptive study of implementation within a randomized clinical trial.

Arterial Stiffness and Subsequent Incidence of CKD and Kidney Function Decline in a Large Longitudinal Community Cohort: The Atherosclerosis in Communities (ARIC) Study.

Rationale & Objective: Arterial stiffness is associated with prevalent chronic kidney disease (CKD). Whether arterial stiffness is prospectively associated with incident CKD is inconclusive.

Study Design: Longitudinal cohort study.

Six-month safety and efficacy outcomes from the randomized-controlled arm of the WRAPSODY Arteriovenous Access Efficacy (WAVE) trial.

Stenosis within the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) of hemodialysis patients leads to vascular access dysfunction and inadequate hemodialysis. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is the standard therapy for stenosis. However, rates of restenosis and loss of access patency remain high.

Estimation of the effects of hand growth on muscle activation patterns: A musculoskeletal modeling study.

Throughout childhood growth and development, both the nervous and the musculoskeletal systems undergo rapid change. The goal of this study was to examine the impact of growth-related changes in skeletal size and muscle strength on the neural control of finger force generation. By modifying an existing OpenSim hand model in accordance with pediatric anthropometric data, we created 10 distinct models representing males and females at each year of development from 6 to 10 years old.

Abortion provision and characteristics of abortion patients in an academic medical center in Washington state before and after Dobbs.

Objective: To examine abortion care in the largest academic medical center in Washington, a state protective of abortion rights, before and after the Supreme Court Dobbs decision.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated abortion provision at the University of Washington between January 1, 2022 and October 31, 2023. Data on patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were extracted from electronic medical records.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of pathogenic GJB2 variants in the Asian population.

Objectives: Define the extent to which pathogenic GJB2 (gap junction beta-2) variants are responsible for non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) in the Asian population.

Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. CINAHL, Embase, and PubMed's MEDLINE were accessed from 1997 to 2023 using permutations of the MeSH terms: "Asian," ''Southeast Asian,'' "South Asian," "East Asian," "Southeastern Asian," and "GJB2.

Animal Models, Therapeutics, and Vaccine Approaches to Emerging and Re-Emerging Flaviviruses.

Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses primarily transmitted through the mosquito or genus of mosquitos. These viruses are predominantly found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world with their geographical spread predicted to increase as global temperatures continue to rise. These viruses cause a variety of diseases in humans with the most prevalent being caused by dengue, resulting in hemorrhagic fever and associated sequala.

Injectable Tumoricidal Neural Stem Cell-Laden Hydrogel for Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme-An In Vivo Safety, Persistence, and Efficacy Study.

Background/objectives: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common high-grade primary brain cancer in adults. Despite efforts to advance treatment, GBM remains treatment resistant and inevitably progresses after first-line therapy. Induced neural stem cell (iNSC) therapy is a promising, personalized cell therapy approach that has been explored to circumvent challenges associated with the current GBM treatment.

Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions Among Broccoli Glucosinolates and Their Implications for Breeding Cruciferous Crops to Enhance Human Health.

Unlabelled: While a balanced diet can fulfill most nutritional needs, optimizing the composition of specific foods like broccoli can amplify their health benefits.

Background/objectives: Broccoli ( L. Italica group) is a widely consumed cruciferous vegetable valued for its gastrointestinal and immune health benefits.

The Relationship Between a Mediterranean Diet and Frailty in Older Adults: NHANES 2007-2017.

Background: Frailty is a geriatric syndrome of significant public health concern that causes vulnerability to physiologic stressors and an increased risk of mortality and hospitalizations. Dietary intake and quality are contributing factors to the development of frailty. The Mediterranean diet is known to be one of the healthiest eating patterns with promising health impacts for prevention.

Sleep Quality, Nutritional Habits, and Physical Activity in Pediatric Cancer Survivors: A Dyadic Analysis Approach.

Background/objectives: Sleep disturbances are prevalent among pediatric cancer survivors (PCSs) and their caregivers, often leading to poorer dietary choices and reduced physical activity. Additionally, the sleep quality and health behaviors of parents and children can affect each other. This study examined bi-directional associations between PCSs and their parents' sleep quality and health-related behaviors.

Species in Dromedary Camels () and Ruminants from Somalia.

Ehrlichioses, caused by species, are tick-borne diseases (TBDs) that affect animals and humans worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the molecular occurrence of spp. in 530 animals (155 Dromedary camels, 199 goats, 131 cattle, and 45 sheep) in the Benadir and Lower Shabelle regions of Somalia.

Mixed-Effects Model to Assess the Effect of Disengagements on Speed of an Automated Shuttle with Sensors for Localization, Navigation, and Obstacle Detection.

The focus of this study is to investigate the underexplored operational effects of disengagements on the speed of an automated shuttle, providing novel insights into their disruptive impact on performance metrics. For this purpose, global positioning system data, disengagement records, weather reports, and roadway geometry data from an automated shuttle pilot program, from July to December 2023, at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte, were collected. The automated shuttle uses sensors for localization, navigation, and obstacle detection.

Unmasking Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in United States Chordoma Clinical Trials: Systematic Review.

Background: Chordoma is a rare bone cancer with limited treatment options. Clinical trials are crucial for developing effective therapies, but their success depends on including diverse patient populations. The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the reporting of racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic diversity in United States clinical trials exploring treatment for chordoma.

The Role of Metastasectomies and Immunotherapy in the Management of Melanoma Lung Metastases: An Analysis of the National Cancer Database.

Introduction: Patients with metastatic melanoma to the lung typically have poor outcomes. Although a pulmonary metastasectomy for selected patients has been shown to improve survival, the role of surgical resection following the introduction of immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine predictors of survival for patients with melanoma metastatic to the lung in the era of immunotherapy.

The Links Between Community-Based Financial Inclusion and Household Food Availability: Evidence from Mozambique.

Financial inclusion can boost wealth, health, and quality of life. However, few studies have examined how women's participation in community-based financial inclusion opportunities, such as village saving and loan groups (VSLGs), relates to household food security. Using program data from central Mozambique, this study examined whether low-income women's participation in VSLGs directly increases household food availability, as well as indirectly through increased asset ownership.

Exploring the impact of insurance switching on the cost-effectiveness of population genetic screening for familial hypercholesterolemia to US payers.

Background: Widespread familial hypercholesterolemia screening requires a large upfront economic investment, but the health benefits and cost savings of cardiovascular disease prevention directed by screening occur over many years.

Objective: We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of population genetic screening for familial hypercholesterolemia compared to cascade testing to US payers while accounting for patient insurance switching between commercial and Medicare insurance.

Methods: We developed a hybrid decision-tree Markov model to assess genetic screening in 20-year-old adults over a lifetime horizon in which cohort members transitioned between commercial payers representing three commercial plans and Medicare.

Estimating prevalence of opioid misuse in North Carolina counties from 2016-2021: An integrated abundance model approach.

Background: The overdose epidemic remains largely driven by opioids, but county-level prevalence of opioid misuse is unknown. Without this information, public health and policy responses are limited by a lack of knowledge on the scope of the problem.

Methods: Using an integrated abundance model, we estimate annual county-level prevalence of opioid misuse for counties in North Carolina from 2016 to 2021.

A novel approach to assess coordination in people with transtibial amputations using continuous and event relative phase.

Continuous relative phase (CRP) quantifies coordination for cyclic motions as the difference in the phase portrait locations between its constituent coordinates and has been widely used in populations with neuromuscular impairments. Continuous analyses, like statistical parameter mapping (SPM), provide greater resolution than traditional techniques that first compress CRP across a section of the cycle to a single point, like mean average relative phase (MARP). However, both analyses neglect the effect of intermediate event timing (e.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of family-based interventions for early psychosis: Carer and patient outcomes.

Background: Previous reviews have indicated that family interventions in early psychosis are beneficial for patients and family caregivers. Given recent developments in research and service provision an updated review is warranted.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of family intervention trials in the first 5 years after psychosis onset.

Arrests among adolescents with a history of foster care placements in group home settings.

Background: Approximately 5 % of children and adolescents in foster care are placed in group home settings, with adolescents making up the largest age group in these placements. Group home placement is designed to support individuals with high acuity or specialized needs that cannot be met in a family-based setting. Prior research has highlighted the vulnerabilities of adolescents in group homes, including behavioral issues, mental health concerns, and juvenile justice system involvement.

Molecular classification of endometrial cancers (EC) and association with relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) outcomes: Ancillary analysis of GOG-0258.

Purpose: Determine if molecular classification using mismatch repair (MMR) and p53 protein expression predicts recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in endometrial cancer (EC) patients treated with chemotherapy and radiation (CRT) versus chemotherapy (CT).

Methods: GOG-0258, a phase III randomized trial (NCT00942357), compared CRT to CT. Immunohistochemistry assessed MMR and p53 status.