Distinct regional patterns in noradrenergic innervation of the rat prefrontal cortex.

The anatomy and functions of the rodent prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been extensively studied. It is now clear that the PFC is at the core of various executive functions and that these functions depend on monoaminergic neuromodulation. The PFC receives extensive projections from monoaminergic nuclei and, in particular, from the locus cœruleus (LC) which is the major source of noradrenaline (NA) in the cortex.

Machine learning for predicting psychotic relapse at 2 years in schizophrenia in the national FACE-SZ cohort.

Background: Predicting psychotic relapse is one of the major challenges in the daily care of schizophrenia.

Objectives: To determine the predictors of psychotic relapse and follow-up withdrawal in a non-selected national sample of stabilized community-dwelling SZ subjects with a machine learning approach.

Methods: Participants were consecutively included in the network of the FondaMental Expert Centers for Schizophrenia and received a thorough clinical and cognitive assessment, including recording of current treatment.

Victimisation in a French population of children and youths with autism spectrum disorder: a case control study.

Background: Children and youths with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have behavioural characteristics and severe social disabilities that make them vulnerable to victimisation. The current study explores the prevalence of peer victimisation in this population in France.

Methods: We used the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire-Screener Sum Version in a French sample of 39 children and youths with ASD and 53 typically developing (TD) children and youths and tested the association of the victimisation with socio-demographic factors and clinical factors of anxiety and post-traumatic stress.

Aquaporins in brain edema.

Brain edema is a common feature of brain injuries, which leads to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and ischemia that worsen outcome. Current management of edema focuses on reduction of ICP, but there are no treatments targeting the molecular players directly involved in edema process. The perivascular astrocyte endfeet are critical in maintaining brain homeostasis with ionic and water exchange; in this context, aquaporins (AQPs), astrocyte water channels, have emerged as privileged targets for edema modulation.

Inflammatory DEpression Advances in Schizophrenia (IDEAS): A precision medicine approach of the national FACE-SZ cohort.

Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a therapeutic challenge in schizophrenia (SZ). Untangling different forms of MDD appears as the best current strategy to improve remission to treatment in the so-called precision medicine approach.

Aims: The objectives of the present study were to determine (i) the prevalence of Inflammatory Depression (ID) in stabilized SZ outpatients (ii) if ID was associated with clinical or cognitive profiles that may help clinicians detecting ID (iii) if antidepressants were effective in ID and (iv) the biological correlates of ID that may orientate personalized treatments.

Temporal Relationship of Ocular and Tail Segmental Movements Underlying Locomotor-Induced Gaze Stabilization During Undulatory Swimming in Larval Xenopus.

In larval xenopus, locomotor-induced oculomotor behavior produces gaze-stabilizing eye movements to counteract the disruptive effects of tail undulation during swimming. While neuronal circuitries responsible for feed-forward intrinsic spino-extraocular signaling have recently been described, the resulting oculomotor behavior remains poorly understood. Conveying locomotor CPG efference copy, the spino-extraocular motor command coordinates the multi-segmental rostrocaudal spinal rhythmic activity with the extraocular motor activity.

Role of the K-Cl Cotransporter KCC2a Isoform in Mammalian Respiration at Birth.

In central respiratory circuitry, synaptic excitation is responsible for synchronizing neuronal activity in the different respiratory rhythm phases, whereas chloride-mediated inhibition is important for shaping the respiratory pattern itself. The potassium chloride cotransporter KCC2, which serves to maintain low intraneuronal Cl concentration and thus render chloride-mediated synaptic signaling inhibitory, exists in two isoforms, KCC2a and KCC2b. KCC2 is essential for functional breathing motor control at birth, but the specific contribution of the KCC2a isoform remains unknown.

Involvement of caveolin-1 in neurovascular unit remodeling after stroke: Effects on neovascularization and astrogliosis.

Complex cellular and molecular events occur in the neurovascular unit after stroke, such as blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and inflammation that contribute to neuronal death, neurological deterioration and mortality. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) has distinct physiological functions such as caveolae formation associated with endocytosis and transcytosis as well as in signaling pathways. Cav-1 has been proposed to be involved in BBB dysfunction after brain injury; however, its precise role is poorly understood.

Task errors contribute to implicit aftereffects in sensorimotor adaptation.

Perturbations of sensory feedback evoke sensory prediction errors (discrepancies between predicted and actual sensory outcomes of movements), and reward prediction errors (discrepancies between predicted rewards and actual rewards). When our task is to hit a target, we expect to succeed in hitting the target, and so we experience a reward prediction error if the perturbation causes us to miss it. These discrepancies between intended task outcomes and actual task outcomes, termed "task errors," are thought to drive the use of strategic processes to restore success, although their role is incompletely understood.

Mood reactivity and affective dynamics in mood and anxiety disorders.

The application of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in community settings provides a powerful opportunity to obtain measures of emotional reactivity to daily life events, as well as emotional dynamics in real time. This investigation examines the association between emotional reactivity to daily events and emotional experience in mood and anxiety disorders in a large community-based sample. Two-hundred and 87 participants with a lifetime history of bipolar I disorder (BPI; n = 33), bipolar II disorder (BPII; n = 37), major depression (MDD; n = 116), anxiety disorders without a mood disorder (ANX; n = 36), and controls without a lifetime history of mood, anxiety, or substance use disorder (n = 65) completed a 2-week EMA evaluation period concerning mood states and daily events.

[The 10-year findings from the FondaMental Academic Center of Expertise for Schizophrenia (FACE-SZ): Review and recommendations for clinical practice].

Objectives: The present article is a synthesis of the first 10 years of follow-up of the FondaMental Academic Center of Expertise for Schizophrenia (FACE-SZ) cohort.

Methods: More than 700 community-dwelling stabilized subjects have been recruited and evaluated to date. The mean age was 32 years with 75 % males, the mean illness duration was 11 years, the mean age at illness onset was 21 years, the mean duration of untreated psychosis was 1.

Post-stroke follow-up: Time to organize.

Background/objective: General practitioners (GPs) are pivotal in the organization of the entire post-stroke management system. This study aimed to examine the sequelae of chronic post-stroke patients and to assess whether the medical follow-up organized by GPs is truly in accordance with current recommendations and patients' clinical needs.

Methods: This was an observational study including chronic post-stroke patients after a first stroke.

Feasibility and validity of mobile cognitive testing in patients with substance use disorders and healthy controls.

Background And Objectives: Mobile testing of executive deficits in substance-related addictions is highly novel but requires validation.

Methods: Sixty-one individuals (34 patients, 27 healthy controls) completed Ecological Momentary Assessments with mobile executive tests.

Results: Compliance with the tests was high (78% to 91%) in both the patient and control groups.

Metabolic Syndrome and Illness Severity Predict Relapse at 1-Year Follow-Up in Schizophrenia: The FACE-SZ Cohort.

Objective: Predicting relapse is a major challenge in schizophrenia from a clinical and medico-economic point of view. During recent decades, major psychiatric disorders have been found to be extensively associated with metabolic disorders, even before the illness onset, with a prevalence estimated to be 35% in this population. However, no study to date has, to our knowledge, explored the potential impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on relapse.

Manipulating the revision of reward value during the intertrial interval increases sign tracking and dopamine release.

Recent computational models of sign tracking (ST) and goal tracking (GT) have accounted for observations that dopamine (DA) is not necessary for all forms of learning and have provided a set of predictions to further their validity. Among these, a central prediction is that manipulating the intertrial interval (ITI) during autoshaping should change the relative ST-GT proportion as well as DA phasic responses. Here, we tested these predictions and found that lengthening the ITI increased ST, i.

Hypovitaminosis D is associated with depression and anxiety in schizophrenia: Results from the national FACE-SZ cohort.

Objective: Hypovitaminosis D has been associated with respectively major depressive disorder, schizophrenia (SZ) and cognitive disorders in the general population, and with positive and negative symptoms and metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia. The objectives were (i) to determine the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and associated factors (with a focus on depression and cognition) in a national non-selected multicentric sample of community-dwelling SZ subjects (ii) to determine the rate of SZ patients being administered vitamin D supplementation and associated factors.

Methods: A comprehensive 2 daylong clinical and neuropsychological battery was administered in 140 SZ subjects included between 2015 and 2017 in the national FondaMental Expert Center (FACE-SZ) Cohort.

Assessment of Translocator Protein Density, as Marker of Neuroinflammation, in Major Depressive Disorder: A Pilot, Multicenter, Comparative, Controlled, Brain PET Study (INFLADEP Study).

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious public health problem with high lifetime prevalence (4.4-20%) in the general population. The monoamine hypothesis is the most widespread etiological theory of MDD.

A multi-dimensional approach to the relationship between insight and aggressiveness in schizophrenia: Findings from the FACE-SZ cohort.

Background: Aggressiveness is a stigma frequently associated with schizophrenia. The role of insight as a risk factor of aggressiveness remains contradictory; mainly because single measures of these states mask their complexity and heterogeneity.

Methods: This study was conducted on 666 patients aged 15 and above with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder, drawn from the French national network of schizophrenia expert center database.

French consensus: Pharmacoresistant restless legs syndrome.

Dopaminergic agonists, α2δ ligands and opioids are, as single-drug therapy, the first line treatment for restless legs syndrome (RLS/Willis-Ekbom disease). However, despite treatment efficacy, exacerbations of RLS may occur with overall worsening in symptoms severity, development of pain and symptoms spreading to other parts of the body, without meeting augmentation syndrome criteria. This development of "drug-resistant" RLS can cause pain, severe insomnia and psychiatric disorders that affect considerably patients' quality of life.

Limbic encephalitis as a relapse of Whipple's disease with digestive involvement and spondylodiscitis.

Introduction: Many clinical manifestations can be related to Tropheryma whipplei infection.

Case Report: We report a Tropheryma whipplei limbic encephalitis developed as a relapse of classical Whipple's disease.

Discussion: This case is to the best of our knowledge the first proof of the effective brain-blood barrier crossing of both doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine as demonstrated by direct concentration monitoring on brain biopsy.

Cholinergic-mediated coordination of rhythmic sympathetic and motor activities in the newborn rat spinal cord.

Here, we investigated intrinsic spinal cord mechanisms underlying the physiological requirement for autonomic and somatic motor system coupling. Using an in vitro spinal cord preparation from newborn rat, we demonstrate that the specific activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAchRs) (with oxotremorine) triggers a slow burst rhythm in thoracic spinal segments, thereby revealing a rhythmogenic capability in this cord region. Whereas axial motoneurons (MNs) were rhythmically activated during both locomotor activity and oxotremorine-induced bursting, intermediolateral sympathetic preganglionic neurons (IML SPNs) exhibited rhythmicity solely in the presence of oxotremorine.

A French update on the Self-Efficacy Measure for Sleep Apnea (SEMSA) to assess continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use.

Purpose: The Self-Efficacy Measure for Sleep Apnea (SEMSA) is a 26-item self-questionnaire composed of three factors: risk perception of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), benefit of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and self-efficacy (the confidence to engage in CPAP use). It is used to evaluate health beliefs about OSAS and CPAP in order to optimize CPAP use. The purpose of this study was to design and validate a French version of the SEMSA.

Psychiatric disability as mediator of the neurocognition-functioning link in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: SEM analysis using the Evaluation of Cognitive Processes involved in Disability in Schizophrenia (ECPDS) scale.

The functional outcome in schizophrenia spectrum disorders is affected by multiple factors such as cognitive performance and clinical symptoms. Psychiatric disability may be another important determinant of functional outcome. The purpose of this study was to test whether schizophrenia symptoms and psychiatric disability mediated the association between cognition and functioning.